Teaching Aptitude and its aspects with MCQs on Teaching Aptitude full notes

Definition of teaching


Teaching includes all the activities of providing education to other. The person who provides education is called a teacher. The teacher uses different methods for giving best knowledge to his students. He tries his best to make understand students. His duty is to encourage students to learn the subjects.

Teaching means interaction of teacher and students. They participate for their mutual benefits. Both have their own objective and target is to achieve them.

Many great teachers of the world define teaching in a different way and we can say that teaching is just to train the students so that they can stand on their own foot in society.

In teaching, three main aspects comes in our front

1st is teacher
2nd is students
3rd is education


Nature and characteristics of teaching

1. The main character of teaching is to provide guidance and training.
2. Teaching is an interaction between teacher and students.
3. Teaching is an art to giving knowledge to students with effective way.
4. Teaching is a science to educate fact and causes of different topics of different subjects.
5. Teaching is continuing process.

6. A teacher can teach effectively if he has full confidence on the subject.
7. Teaching encourages students to learn more and more.
8. Teaching is formal as well as informal
9. Teaching is communication of information to students. In teaching, teacher imparts information in an interesting way so that students can easily understand the information.
10. Teaching is a tool to help the student to adjust himself in society and its environment.

MCQs ON TEACHING  APTITUDE

1. If some of the students in the class are found to be using intoxicants, the teacher should

(a)Inform police

(b)Inform the headmaster

(c)Advise them properly

(d)Punish them



Ans. Advise them properly


2. The mental development of the child most closely parallels an increase in:

(a)His ability to get along with others.

(b)His ability to profit from experience

(c)His stock of knowledge

(d)His ability to memorize



Ans. His ability to profit from experience


3. Which of the following is not a valuable feedback for a teacher?

(a)Parents

(b)Colleagues

(c)Librarian

(d)Students




Ans. Librarian


4. Which of the following is true about modern evaluation system in secondary school?

(a)Encourages root learning

(b)Continuous evaluation system

(c)Product oriented evaluation

(d)Summative evaluation system





Ans. Continuous evaluation system


5. The majority of the teachers in your school want you to be the staff secretary. You are not very confident. How will you react to the proposal?

(a)Tell them curtly, that you wouldn’t take it up

(b)Tell them that you are not the apt person

(c)Accept the challenge seeking their co-operation in all matters.

(d)Suggest the name of somebody instead





Ans. Accept the challenge seeking their co-operation in all matters.


6. Who is the best motivator of a student at school?

(a)The teacher

(b)The headmaster

(c)The management

(d)Peer group





Ans. The teacher


7. Better schooling tends to raise intelligence:

(a)False

(b)Only to some extent

(c)Don’t know

(d)True





Ans. True


8. In a PTA meeting, how would you behave?


(a)Answer very shortly for the questions asked by the parents

(b)Discuss the abilities and weaknesses of the child

(c)Introduce them to the principal

(d)Try to avoid interaction with the parents





Ans. Discuss the abilities and weaknesses of the child


9. The quality of teaching is based on:

(a)Discipline in the classroom

(b)Attainment of information

(c)Development of rapport with students

(d)Overall development of students





Ans. Overall development of students

10. What step will you take, if the noise from the neighboring class disturbs your teaching?

(a)Go to that class and openly tell the teacher that the noise is quite distressing

(b)Make a complaint to the principal about the class.

(c)Have a friendly talk with the teacher at some convenient time and discuss a solution

(d)Go to the class immediately and scold the teacher





Ans. Go to that class and openly tell the teacher that the noise is quite distressing


11. To help a student to select the course of study for higher education is:

(a)Vocational guidance

(b)Personal guidance

(c)Educational guidance

(d)None of these





Ans. Educational guidance


12. An effective teacher should:

(a)Induce the students to learn

(b)Increase pass percentage

(c)Help the students in preparing good notes

(d)Finish the course in time




Ans. Induce the students to learn


13. One of your colleagues requests you to do a favor while evaluating a student. What would you do in this situation?

(a)Advise him not to do undesirable things

(b)Pretend to oblige, but do not do any favor

(c)Evaluate the answer book objectively

(d)Scold him and deny the request





Ans. Evaluate the answer book objectively

14. Why do you prefer teaching profession?

(a)Reasonably good salary

(b)It is a comfortable vacation

(c)It is a noble profession

(d)It is a less responsible vocation





Ans. It is a noble profession


15. “Stress should be laid on principle of Co-operative activity, flowing accuracy, initiative and individual responsibility in learning” has been stated by:

(a)Gandhiji

(b)Tagore

(c)Aurobindo

(d)Nehru



Ans. Gandhiji


16. A student raises questions in the classroom. The teacher should:

(a)Scold him for disturbing the whole class

(b)Advise him to learn well

(c)Appraise him and do answer to his question

(d)Pay no attention




Ans. Appraise him and do answer to his question


17. A free democratic classroom will be best suited for:

(a)Children who lack emotional security

(b)Children from authoritarian homes

(c)Children being trained to become free citizen

(d)Children with strong need for guidance





Ans. Children being trained to become free citizen


18. Teachers who are enthusiastic in the classroom teaching:

(a)Simply dramatize to hold the student’s attention

(b)Involve the students in the teaching-learning process

(c)Often lack proficiency in the subjects

(d)All of the above






Ans. Involve the students in the teaching-learning process


19. Which of the following teacher traits are the reasons given by children for not liking the teacher?

(a)Ignorance of the subject matter

(b)Unfairness and favoritism

(c)Unreasonable demands on the children

(d)Irritable and bad temperament





Ans. Irritable and bad temperament


20. Creativity in the classroom can be promoted by:

(a)Giving creativity exercises

(b)Giving rewards for new ideas

(c)Identifying creative children

(d)All the above






Ans. All the above


21. Educational psychology is oriented towards:

(a)The application of the principles and techniques of psychology to the solution of the problems of the classroom

(b)The definition of goals for which the teacher should strive

(c)The identification of potentially successful educational procedure

(d)The study of the peculiarities of individual children





Ans. The application of the principles and techniques of psychology to the solution of the problems of the classroom


22. The capacity to think rationally and act purposefully is:

(a)Perception

(b)Intelligence

(c)Reasoning

(d)Creativity





Ans. Intelligence


23. If students do not understand what is taught in the classroom, the teacher should feel,

(a)Terribly bored

(b)To explain it in a different way

(c)That he is wasting time

(d)Pity for the students





Ans. To explain it in a different way


24. Which of the following provides more freedom to the learner to interact?

(a)Large group discussion

(b)Seminar

(c)Lecture by experts

(d)Small group discussion




Ans. Small group discussion


25. The first important step in teaching is:

(aOrganizingg material to be taught

(b)Knowing the background of students

(c)None of these

(d)Planning before hand





Ans. Knowing the background of students

There are different types of teaching methods which can be categorised into three broad types. These are teacher-centred methods, learner-centred methods, content-focused methods and interactive/participative methods.
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INSTRUCTOR/TEACHER CENTRED METHODS

Here the teacher casts himself/herself in the role of being a master of the subject matter. The teacher is looked upon by the learners as an expert or an authority. Learners on the other hand are presumed to be passive and copious recipients of knowledge from the teacher. Examples of such methods are expository or lecture methods – which require little or no involvement of learners in the teaching process. It is also for this lack of involvement of the learners in what they are taught, that such methods are called “closed-ended”.

LEARNER-CENTRED METHODS

In learner-centred methods, the teacher/instructor is both a teacher and a learner at the same time. In the words of Lawrence Stenhouse, the teacher plays a dual role as a learner as well “so that in his classroom extends rather than constricts his intellectual horizons”. The teacher also learns new things everyday which he/she didn’t know in the process of teaching. The teacher, “becomes a resource rather than an authority”. Examples of learner-centred methods are discussion method, discovery or inquiry based approach and the Hill’s model of learning through discussion (LTD).

CONTENT-FOCUSED METHODS

In this category of methods, both the teacher and the learners have to fit into the content that is taught. Generally, this means the information and skills to be taught are regarded as sacrosanct or very important. A lot of emphasis is laid on the clarity and careful analyses of content. Both the teacher and the learners cannot alter or become critical of anything to do with the content. An example of a method which subordinates the interests of the teacher and learners to the content is the programmed learning approach.

INTERACTIVE/PARTICIPATIVE METHODS

This fourth category borrows a bit from the three other methods without necessarily laying emphasis unduly on either the learner, content or teacher. These methods are driven by the situational analysis of what is the most appropriate thing for us to learn/do now given the situation of learners and the teacher. They require a participatory understanding of varied domains and factors.

Details of Various Methods with Advantages & Disadvantages 

METHOD	USES	ADVANTAGES	DISADVANTAGES
THE LECTURE METHOD A formal or semi-formal discourse is which the instructor presents a series of events, facts, or principles, explores a problem or explains relationships	1. To orient students. 2. To introduce a subject. 3. To give directions on procedures. 4. To present basic material. 5. To introduce a demonstration, discussion, or performance. 6. To illustrate application of rules, principles, or concepts. 7. To review, clarify, emphasise or summarise.	1. Saves time. 2. Permits flexibility. 3. Requires less rigid space requirement. 4. Permits adaptability. 5. Permits versatility. 6. Permits better centre over contact and sequence.	1. Involves one way communication. 2. Poses problems in skill teaching. 3. Encourages student passiveness. 4. Poses difficulty in gauging student reaction. 5. Require highly skilled instructors.
THE DISCUSSION METHOD A method in which group discussion techniques are used to reach instructional objectives.	1. To develop imaginative solutions to problems. 2. To stimulate thinking and interest and to secure student participation. 3. To emphasise main teaching points. 4. To supplement lectures, reading, or laboratory exercises. 5. To determine how well student understands concepts and principles. 6. To prepare students for application of theory of procedure. 7. To summarise, clarify points or review.	1. Increase students interest 2. Increases students acceptance and commitments. 3. Utilises student knowledge and experience. 4. Results in more permanent learning because of high degree of student participation.	1. Require highly skilled instructor. 2. Requires preparation by student. 3. Limits content. 4. Consumes time. 5. Restricts size of groups.
THE PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION METHOD A method of self-instruction	1. To provide remedial instruction. 2. To provide make-up instruction for late arrivals, absentees, or translents. 3. To maintain previously learned skills which are not performed frequently enough. 4. To provide retraining on equipment and procedures which have become obsolete. 5. To upgrade production. 6. To accelerate capable students. 7. To provide enough common background among students. 8. To provide the review and practice of knowledge and skills.	1. Reduce failure rate. 2. Improves end-of-course proficiency. 3. Saves time. 4. Provides for self instruction.	1. Require local or commercial preparation. 2. Requires lengthy programmer training. 3. Increases expenses. 4. Requires considerable lead time.
THE STUDY ASSIGNMENT METHOD A method in which the instructor assigns reading to books, periodicals, project or research papers or exercises for the practice.	1. To orient students to a topic prior to classroom or Laboratory work. 2. To set the stage for a lecture demonstration or discussion. 3. To provide for or capitalise on individual differences in ability, background, or experience through differentiated assignments. 4. To provide for the review of material covered in class or to give practice. 5. To provide enrichment material.	1. Increase coverage of material. 2. Reduce classroom time. 3. Permits individual attention.	1. Require careful planning and follow up. 2. Poses evaluation problem. 3. Produce non-standard results.
THE TUTORIAL METHOD A method of instruction in which an instructor works directly with an individual student.	1. To reach highly complicated skills operations or operations involving danger or expensive equipment. 2. To provide individualised remedial assistance.	1. Permits adaptive instruction. 2. Stimulates active participation. 3. Promotes safety.	1. Requires highly competent instructor. 2. Demands time and money.
THE SEMINAR METHOD A tutorial arrangement involving the instructor and groups, rather than instructor and individual.	1. To provide general guidance for a group working on an advanced study or research project. 2. To exchange information on techniques and approaches being explored by members of a study or research group. 3. To develop new and imaginative solutions to problems under study by the group.	1. Provides motivation and report. 2. Stimulates active participation. 3. Permits adaptive instruction.	1. Requires highly competent instructor. 2. Poses evaluation problems. 3. Is more costly than most other methods.
THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD A method of instruction where the instructor by actually performing an operation or doing a job shows the students what to do, how to do it, and through explanations brings out why, where, and when it is done.	1. To teach manipulative operations or procedures. 2. To teach troubleshooting. 3. To illustrate principles. 4. To teach operation or functioning of equipment. 5. To teach teamwork. 6. To set standards of workmanship. 7. To teach safety procedures.	1. Minimise damage and waste 2. Saves time 3. Can be presented to large groups.	1. Require careful preparation and rehearsal. 2. Requires special classroom arrangements.
THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD A method of instruction is required to perform under controlled conditions the operations, skills or movement being taught.	1. To teach manipulative operations or procedures. 2. To teach operation or functioning of equipment. 3. To teach team skills 4. To teach safety procedures.	1. Builds confidence. 2. Enable learning evaluation. 3. Reduces damages and waste. 4. Promotes safety.	1. Requires tools and equipment. 2. Requires large block. 3. Requires more instructors.
THE BUZZ GROUPA buzz group is a small, intense discussion group usually involving to 3 persons responding to a specific question or in search of very precise information.	1. To develop and express imaginative ideas, opinions. 2. Stimulate thinking.	1. Help trainers to draw breath. 2. Gauge the mood by listening to some discussion. 3. Change pace of discussion. 4. Encourage participants to reflect what was learnt.	1. Unfamiliarity in use. 2. Time required. 3. Need for group leaders.
BRAINSTORMINGBrainstorming is a large or small group activity that encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.	1. Discover new ideas, thoughts and responses very quickly.	1. Leads to a very animated and energising session. 2. More reserved participants feel free to contribute.	1. It takes time particularly if it is a large group. 2. May consume a lot of material e.g. flipcharts or writing materials. 3. Requires high level facilitation skills.
ROLE PLAYSRole-play is a technique that allows students to explore realistic situations by interacting with other people in a managed way in order to develop experience and trial different strategies in a supported environment.	1. Exploring and improving interviewing techniques and examining complexities and potential conflicts of groups. 2. To consolidate different lessons in one setting.	1. Good energizers. 2. Promotes empathy of trainees for other situation. 3. Encourrages creativity in learning.	1. Participants might be reluctant. 2. May not work with trainees who do not know each other well.

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 Few Key Points to be Noted for Methods of Teaching

Lecture Method

• It creates new ideas.
• It is good for large class.
• Teacher is experienced and has mastery on subject, explain all points and can answer all questions raised by students.
• Students can ask if they need any clarification.
• Learn through listening
• Teacher explains all points.
• Students give their input
• Teacher discuss whole topic in the class in easy language students can easily understand the topic.\
• It is good for large class.
• Teacher provides all knowledge related to topic.
• Time saving as teacher is supposed to finish lecture in time.
• Students give their views at the end of lecture.
• Students can ask question if they have any problem to understand lecture.
• Students attentively listen lecture and take notes as the teacher ask questions at the end of lecture.
• Students know and understand basic concepts.
• Teacher knows all the students so he/she can use suitable strategies for the class to make them understand.
• Teacher is experienced and has mastery on subject and can answer all questions by students.
• Teacher share information with students so it creates interest in students.
• Students are more involved and participate when teacher ask question.
• Teacher provides notes.
• Students easily understand every point.
• Students share knowledge with teacher.
• Teacher is role model for students.

Group discussion:

• Students listen to other’s opinion & express their opinion.
• Discuss with teachers the points that were missed during discussion.
• Students learn on their own & find out key points.
• Students exchange their ideas.
• Students get point of view of all and not only those who always speak.
• After discussion when students give their presentation, teacher corrects their mistakes.
• Students can make their own notes.
• The learning is more effective.
• They don’t have to rely on rote learning.
• Develops creativity among students.
• It evokes thinking among students.
• Students have time for preparation of topic.
• Students should have material and knowledge before discussion. Suggestion
• Only those students participate who have confidence rest do not participate.
• Concepts become clear after discussion.
• Every student gives his/ her opinion.

Individual presentation

• Hamm (2008) quoted Rafe; “A presentation involves motivating listeners to accept a new idea, alter an existing
opinion, or act on a given premise.”
• Students first thoroughly understand the topic before giving presentation i.e. mastery on topic.
• It increases confidence among students.
• Good way to learn for only one student who is presenting.
• Students search lot of books to collect material
• Teacher’s supervision is important

Assignment

• It enhances the ability of research on any topic as the students search topic from different books, websites etc.
• Active learning

Seminars

• Give Chance to meet other people of same profession.
• Motivate and make student active in learning.
• Interested method.

Workshops

• Give Chance to meet other people of same profession.

Conferences

• Give Chance to meet other people of same profession.
• Networking with other institutions and professionals.

Brain storming

• More interesting
• More informative
• Gain knowledge
• Learning is effective
• More participation of students
• Students give their opinion
• Active learning
• Creative thinking is encouraged.
• Students think beyond their knowledge.
• Every one gets the chance to express their thoughts.
• Simple topics can be learnt through different angles.

Role play

• Interesting method
• Creative thinking is encouraged.
• Students think beyond their knowledge.
• Students enjoy the situation
• Active learning
• Easy to learn

Case study

• Active learning
• Creative thinking is encouraged.
• Students think beyond their knowledge.

 Aims & Modes of Teaching

Aims of Teaching

a. Change the behaviour of students – Teaching

b. Improve learning skills of students – Conditioning

c. Shaping behaviour & conduct – Training

d. Acquisition of knowledge – Instruction

e. Formation of beliefs  - Indoctrination

Modes of Teaching

1. Training helps to shape conduct and various skills

2. Instruction & Indoctrination work on a higher footing than conditioning & training

3. Instruction is concerned with the development of knowledge & understanding in an individual

4. Teaching is aimed towards the shaping of a total individual

5. Indoctrination is a high level of teaching shaping beliefs & ideals

Objectives of Teaching

·         Desired changes in pupils

·         Shape behaviour & conduct

·         Acquisition of knowledge

·         Improve learning skills

·         Formation of a belief system

·         Provide a social & efficient member to the society

Modern Concepts of Teaching

a.       Questioning

·         By the teacher to the student and student to the teacher

b.      Discussion

·         Clears doubts of students

·         Expression of thought

·         Teacher directs discussion

c.       Investigation

·         Either individual or group after the teacher presents the information

·         Can be followed by expression of thoughts of the students

d.      Expression

·         Can be in the form of practical activities

   Basic Requirements in Teaching

a.       Three variables in teaching – Includes the Teacher, Student & Environmental factors

b.      Professionalism

c.       Suitable Environment

d.      Teacher Student Relationship

e.       Students Discipline

f.       Teacher & Students devotion to teaching & learning

Learner Characteristics

i. Readiness – Motivation, interest & curiosity to learn

ii. Exercise – Practice what is learnt

iii. Effect – Activities associated with pleasure are preferred over those that lead to pain or punishment

iv. Attitudes & Habits – Must be positive & encouraging

v.  Absence of anger & jealousy- They weaken learning abilities

vi.  Slow beginning followed by gradual development of interests

   Factors Effecting Teaching

·         The three variables of the teacher, student & environment

·         Teacher student relationship

·         Methods of teaching used

·         Teacher- Administration relationship

·         The social environment

Methods of Teaching

Teaching is an exercise of both talent & creativity involving a repertoire of skills, techniques and procedures. The teaching profession has faced many challenges and transformations and has adopted recent and sophisticated technology.

The act of teaching has three phases mainly,

·         Pre-Active: Planning phase

·         Inter-Active: Implementation of what was planned i.e. actual teaching

·         Post- Active: Evaluating activities that serve as feedback

There are five steps involved in the process of teaching:

a. Preparation

·    Of both the teacher and student

·    Teacher must identify the level of the children

·    The teacher can introduce the lesson by asking appropriate questions from a previous chapter to connect it to the new chapter

·    Relevant topics/stories can be discussed & narrated in class

·     Introduction must be brief and create interest to stimulate curiosity in students

b. Presentation

·    Teacher must state the aim of the lesson to be taught so that the students can prepare themselves for what they are expecting

·    The teacher then presents the lesson by using different materials, presenting facts and other principles relevant to the lesson

·    The teacher can leave some area of the lesson for the student to explore

c. Comparison

·    The third step of learning where the student is presented with the opportunity to compare two sets of facts

d.  Generalization

·     By observation and comparison various conclusions can be drawn

·     Teachers must aid the students when they arrive at incorrect generalizations

·     The students must understand the law/principle taught by the teacher for this stage to be successful

e.  Application

·    Knowledge loses half its value unless if used in the discovery of further facts and their application to new situations

·    Makes learning meaningful and permanent

·    Serves purpose of revision of what has been learnt

·    Children can be evaluated through examinations

A.    Methods of Teaching According to Different Schools of Philosophy

                a.   Methods by Idealism

-          They speak of the general nature of teaching methods only

-          They don’t specify any method to be adopted while learning (used during the Upanishadic period too in India)

-          aka informal dialectic method

-          Idealist value use of well prepared & presented lectures

-          Socrates – Question method

-          Plato – Conversational method

-          Aristotle – Inductive and Deductive methods

-          Hegel – Logical method

-          Pestalozzi – Self activity method

-          Herbart – Discussion method

-          Froebel’s metaphor of ‘Kindergarten’

                b.      Methods by Naturalism

-          Rousseau believed education lasts throughout life & is gained everyday through various life experiences

-          He believes learning should be based on actual experience & a practical problem must be studied in its natural setting

-          Learning can also take place in the spirit & methods of play

-          The methods recommended by Rousseau maybe identified with the heuristic method & experimental method advocated by John Dewey

                 c.       Pragmatic Methods

-          Focus on child and society and the activities therein

-          Learning occurs as a result of an activity

-          Children must learn how to discover & method of teaching experimental

-          It must develop reflective thinking in children so that they ask ‘Why?’

-          The Project method of teaching is where a problematic act has to be carried out in completion in its natural setting

                 d.      Existential Methods
      -          Ask questions until an acceptable conclusion is reached.
      -         Focuses on Inductive thinking
      -         Emphasis on individual education
      -         Homeschooling preferred over School Education
      -         Does not believe in indoctrination but enhancing the child's creativity


   B. Methods of Teaching recommended by Secondary 

       School Commission (1952-1953)

i. Methods of teaching must provide opportunities for children to develop clear thinking & expression

ii. Individual - centered methods & opportunities for practical application of knowledge must be adapted

iii. Activity and Project method must be used in school practice

iv. Experimental & Demonstrative Schools must be encouraged (e.g: NCC)


C. Specific Methods in Teaching 


1. Inferential Problem Solving Technique

It involves Inductive and Deductive Reasoning which is the basis for problem solving

Steps in Inductive Reasoning 

i. Recognition of the problem
ii. Searching for data
iii. Organization for data
iv. Framing tentative solutions
v. Elimination
vi. Verification

(Note: For Deductive Reasoning one begins from vi. to i.)

2. Team - Teaching / Co-operative teaching

- Its a recent idea in the field of education
- Here two ore more teachers make a plan of the subjects cooperatively, carry it out and evaluate the effects on the students periodically

3. Micro - Teaching

- Term coined by Dwight Allen of Stanford University in 1963

Features of Micro - Teaching 

i. Teacher training technique
ii. Focus on developing teachers skills
iii. Reduces class size to 5-10 students
iv. Topics taught are small
v. Individualized training skill
vi. Feedback for trainee's performance
vii. Effective device to prepare competent teachers
viii. Learners are provided with immediate knowledge of the correctness of response.

Steps in Micro - Teaching

i. Defining the skill
ii. Demonstrating the skill
iii.Planning the lesson
iv. Teaching the lesson
v.Discussion
vi. Re planning
vii. Re- Teaching
viii. Re-discussion
ix. Repeating the cycle till desired level of skill is achieved

4. Question Answer technique in teaching

Purpose of questioning

i. Test knowledge
ii. Locate difficulty
iii.Arouse motivation
iv. Participation of students
v. Apply knowledge 


D. Teaching Aids

Teaching aids helps students to improve their skills and make learning fun. There are various kinds of teaching aids.

1. Chart - Shows group facts in the form of a diagram, table or graph & includes an outline or word definitions

2. Flash Cards - A set of cards that have number, letters, pictures or words on it & are used for facts and enhance memory

3. Flip Charts - Useful for teaching large groups at a time and while teaching a lesson which involves stages or a process. 

4. Maps - Used in social studies so that students can understand spatial relations

5. Newspapers - Used to learn about different places, cultures, grammar & current events.

6. Graphs - Can be used in any subject. To compare population growth in social studies, numbers & ratios

7. Surveys - Can be used by the teacher to gain feedback.

8. Audio Visual Aids - Things to remember while using AV aids:

                                 - Select the one suited for the topic

                                 - Use AV to support or reinforce the activity

                                 - Make sure the AV aid can be seen & heard clearly

                                 - Practice using the aids before hand

                                 

9. Hardware - Radio, TV & Tape recorder

10. Software - Board, Cartoons & Models

E. Evaluative Systems

They are a device through which we can gauge what exactly a student achieve from the teaching-learning experience

1. Examinations

- Help in testing achievements of students
- Evaluating students interests, aptitude & intelligence
- Helps to classify students and provide them guidance

2. Psychological Evaluation

-Helps to know about the physical, mental, emotional and social behavior of the individual
- Aids in guidance of the pupil
- Three methods of personality assessment: Psychometric, Projective & Behavioral

Projective Tests 

- Helps to uncover unconscious motives
- An ambiguous stimulus is presented to the client who interprets it as they like thus projecting their personality through their responses.
- Two widely used Projective tests are : Rorschach Test & Thematic Apperception Test

a. Rorschach Test

- Developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in the 1920's
- Series of 10 cards each displaying different inkblots either colored or black & white
- The subject is asked to look at each card one at a time & report everything seen on the card
- After all 10 cards are done, the examiners goes over every response to ask them what features of the blot game them that particular impression

b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

- Developed at Harvard University by Henry Murray in 1930's
- Less ambiguous than Rorschach as it consists of actual scenes on 20 cards
- The subject is asked to base a story depending on the picture
- The test is intended to reveal the 'themes' that occur in the persons imaginations
- Apperceptions is perceptions of things in a certain way due to past experience
- If a problem is bothering a particular subject, they may show up in a number of stories.

3. Philosophical Evaluation

- Evaluation based on mastery of subject matter
- Test the memory, mastery and ability to apply the skills learnt

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Here are 60 MCQs for Teaching Aptitude time duration to answer: 20 minutes

1. Most important work of teacher is—
(A) to organize teaching work
(B) to deliver lecture in class
(C) to take care of children
(D) to evaluate the students

2. A teacher should be—
(A) Honest
(B) Dilligent
(C) Dutiful
(D) Punctual

3. Environmental education should be taught in schools because—
(A) it will affect environmental pollution

(B) it is important part of life
(C) it will provide job to teachers
(D) we cannot escape from environment

4. Navodaya Schools have been established to—
(A) increase number of school in rural areas
(B) provide good education in rural areas
(C) complete 'Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan'
(D) check wastage of education in rural areas

5. At primary level, it is better to teach in mother language because—
(A) it develops self-confidence in children
(B) it makes learning easy
(C) it is helpful in intellectual development
(D) it helps children in learning in natural atmosphere

6. Women are better teacher at primary level because—
(A) they behave more patiently with children
(B) they are ready to work with low salary
(C) higher qualification is not needed in this profession
(D) they have less chances in other profession

7. You have been selected in all the four professions given below. Where would you like to go ?
(A) Teacher
(B) Police
(C) Army
(D) Bank

8. What is most important while writing on blackboard ?
(A) Good writing
(B) Clarity in writing
(C) Writing in big letters
(D) Writing in small letters
UPTET 2011, Bed exam

9. Some students send a greeting card to you on teacher's day. What will you do ? You will—
(A) do nothing
(B) say thanks to them
(C) ask them to not to waste money
(D) reciprocate the good wishes to them

10. A student comes late in your class. Then you will—
(A) inform to parents
(B) punish him
(C) try to know the reason
(D) not pay attention there

11. When the students become failed, it can be understood that—
(A) The system has failed
(B) The teachers failure
(C) The text-books failure
(D) The individual student's failure

12. It is advantage of giving home work that students—
(A) remain busy at home
(B) study at home
(C) may be checked for their progress
(D) may develop habit of self study

13. Match List-I (Interviews) with List-II (Meaning) and select the correct answer from the code given below:

List - I (Interviews)                             List - II (Meaning)

(a) structured interviews                     (i)  greater flexibility approach

(b) Unstructured interviews                (ii) attention on the questions to be answered

(c) Focused interviews                        (iii) individual life experience

(d) Clinical interviews                         (iv) Pre determined question

(v) non-directive

Code:

(a)        (b)        (c)        (d)

(A)       (iv)       (i)         (ii)        (iii)

(B)       (ii)        (iv)       (i)         (iii)

(C)       (v)        (ii)        (iv)       (i)

(D)       (i)         (iii)       (v)        (iv)

June 2006 NET

14. Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) Syllabus is a part of curriculum.

(B) Syllabus is an annexure to curriculum.

(C) Curriculum is the same in all educational institutions affiliated to a particular university.

(D) Syllabus is not the same in all educational institutions affiliated to a particular university.
June 2006 NET

15. A teacher has serious defect is he/she—
(A) is physically handicapped
(B) belongs to low socio-economic status
(C) has weak personality
(D) has immature mental development

16. The success of teacher is—
(A) high achievement of students
(B) good traits of his/her personality
(C) his/her good teaching
(D) his/her good character

17. “Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man” was stated by

(A) M. K. Gandhi

(B) R. N. Tagore

(C) Swami Vivekanand

(D) Sri Aurobindo Dec 2014 NET

18. The most important trait of a student is—
(A) sense of responsibility
(B) to speak truth
(C) co-operation
(D) obedience

19. The purpose of basic education scheme is—
(A) universalization of primary education
(B) to vocationalise the eduction
(C) to fulfil basic need of persons through education
(D) to make education compulsory for all

20. You are teaching a topic in class and a student ask a question unrelated to the topic. What will you do ?
(A) you will allow him to ask unrelated question
(B) you will not allow him to ask unrealated question
(C) you will consider it indiscipline and punish him

(D) you will answer the question after the class

21. If you are unable to get a job of teacher, then you will—
(A) start giving tuition at home
(B) remain at home till you get a job
(C) take some another job
(D) continue applying for teaching

22. Which of the following is not a prescribed level of teaching?

(A) Memory

(B) Understanding

(C) Reflective

(D) Differentiation

23. If a student does not pay any respect to you, then you will—
(A) ignore him
(B) award less marks in examination
(C) talk to his/her parents
(D) rebuke him

24. National Literacy Mission was established in—
(A) 1996
(B) 1988
(C) 1999
(D) 2000

25. The aim of National Council for teacher education is—
(A) to open college of education
(B) to promote research in education
(C) to maintain standards in colleges of education
(D) to provide grant to colleges of education

26. Kindergarten system of education was contributed by—
(A) T. P. Nunn
(B) Spencer
(C) Froebel
(D) Montessori


27. 'National Council of Educational Research and Training' was established in—
(A) 1961
(B) 1962
(C) 1963
(D) 1964

28. Essay type test are not reliable because—
(A) their answers are different
(B) their results are different
(C) their checking is affected by examiner's mood
(D) their responding styles are different

29. A guardian never comes to see you in school.
You will—
(A) ignore the child
(B) write to the guardian
(C) go to meet him yourself
(D) start punishing the child

30. To maintain interest among students in class, a teacher should—
(A) use blackboard
(B) discuss
(C) tell stories
(D) ask question

31. The purpose of new education policy is—
(A) to provide equal opportunity of education to all
(B) to improve the whole education system
(C) to link the education with employment
(D) to delink the degree with education

32. To raise the standard of education, it is necessary—
(A) to evaluate students continuously
(B) to give high salary to teachers
(C) to revise curriculum
(D) to make good school building

33. What is most important for a teacher ?
(A) to maintain discipline in class
(B) to be punctual in class
(C) to remove difficulties of students
(D) to be good orator

34. Why students should play games in school ?
(A) It makes them physically strong
(B) It makes work easier for teachers
(C) It helps in passing time
(D) It develops co-operation and physical balance

35. Family is a means of—
(A) Informal education
(B) Formal education
(C) Non-formal education
(D) Distance education

36. There is tension among villagers and you are teacher there. What will you do ?
(A) You will inform "Gram Pradhan"
(B) You will try to pacify them
(C) You will report to police
(D) You will keep distance from them

37. A teacher can develop social values among students by—
(A) telling them about great people
(B) developing sense of discipline
(C) behaving ideally
(D) telling them good stories

38. What will you do in leisure time in school ?
You will—
(A) take rest in teacher's room
(B) read magazines in library
(C) talk to clerks in office
(D) check home work of students

39. A teacher asks the questions in the class to—
(A) keep students busy
(B) maintain discipline
(C) attract student's attention
(D) teach

40. You like teaching profession because—
(A) it has less responsibility
(B) you are interested in it
(C) it is easy
(D) it provide you more holidays

41. How the students should be motivated to get success in life ?
(A) Selected study
(B) Incidental study
(C) Intensive study
(D) Learning by recitation

42. In context of the habit of Absenteeism of student—
(A) The principal and parents should get worried
(B) The officials of the schools should take action against them as per school's discipline
(C) The teachers should take it as a serious problem
(D) They should be given less priority in the class room in relation to regular students

43. To whom the responsibility of organisation of curricular activities should be stored with ?
(A) The principal
(B) The teacher who is appointed for this work
(C) The teachers who take interest in it
(D) All the teachers

44. When the students try to solve the questions in some different way as taught by the teacher from prescribed books, then these students should be—
(A) Discouraged to consult some other books on the subject
(B) Encouraged to consult some other books on the subject
(C) Suggested to talk with their teacher after the period
(D) Suggested to follow the class room notes in order to get good mark in the examination

45. The experienced teachers do not require the detailed lesson plan of a topic because—
(A) They can teach in a good manner without its help
(B) The number of curious students is very poor in the class
(C) When they commit some mistake, they do not face any challange from their students
(D) They can equip themselves with brief outline as they gain specialisation in it through experience

46. The problem of drop-out in which students leave their schooling in early years can be tackled in a better way through—
(A) Reduction of the weight of curriculum
(B) Sympathy of teachers
(C) Attractive environment of the school
(D) Encouragement of the students

47. The ideal teacher—
(A) Teaches the whole curriculum
(B) Helps his students in learning
(C) Is a friend, philosopher and guide
(D) Maintains good discipline

48. The aim of education should be—
(A) To develop vocational skills in the students
(B) To develop social awareness in the students
(C) To prepare the students for examination
(D) To prepare the students for practical life

49. The best method of checking student's homework is—
(A) To assign it to intelligent students of the class
(B) To check the answers in the class in group manner
(C) To check them with the help of specimen answer
(D) To check by the teacher himself in a regular way

50. A time bound testing programme for a students should be implemented in Shools so that—
(A) The progress of the students should be informed to their parents
(B) A regular practice can be carried out
(C) The students can be trained for final examinations
(D) The remedial programme can be adopted on the basis of the feedback from the results

51. The essential element of the syllabus for the children remained out of school should be—
(A) Literacy competencies
(B) Life-skills
(C) Numerical competencies
(D) Vocational competencies

52. The contribution of taxpayers in Primary education is in the form of—
(A) Income Tax
(B) Tuition Fee
(C) Paying money for individual tution
(D) Educational cess

53. The priority to girls education should be given because—
(A) The girls are more intelligent in comparison than the boys
(B) The girls are lesser in number than boys
(C) The girls were badly discriminated in favour of boys in the past
(D) Only girls are capable of leading for social change

54. In a lively classroom situation, there is likely to be

(A) occasional roars of laughter

(B) complete silence

(C) frequent teacher-student dialogue

(D) loud discussion among students 2010 Dec NET

55. The quality of schools education is exclusively depending upon—
(A) Infrastructural facilities
(B) Financial provisions
(C) International support
(D) The quality of teacher education

56. The idea of Basic Education is propounded by—
(A) Dr. Zakir Hussain
(B) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(C) Mahatma Gandhi
(D) Rabindranath Tagore

57. The most important indicator of quality of education in a school is—
(A) Infrastructural facilities of a school
(B) Classroom system
(C) Text-books and Teaching-learning material
(D) Student Achievement level

58. The best remedy of the student's problems related with learning is—
(A) Suggestion for hard work
(B) Supervised study in Library
(C) Suggestion for private tuition
(D) Diagnostic teaching

59. The in-service teacher' training can be made more effective by—
(A) Using training package which in wellprepared in advance
(B) Making it a residential programme
(C) Using co-operative approach
(D) Practicing training followup procedures

60. Child Labour Prohibition Act (1986)—
(A) Prohibits all types of child labour upto 14 years of age of child
(B) Prohibits child labour in risk-taking works only
(C) Prohibits child labour during school hours only
(D) Prohibits child labour by imposing the responsibility of children's education on the employers

Answers:
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (A) 7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (C)
11. (D) 12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (D) 16. (C) 17. (C) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (D)
21. (D) 22. (D) 23. (A) 24. (B) 25. (C) 26. (C) 27. (A) 28. (C) 29. (C) 30. (D)
31. (B) 32. (A) 33. (C) 34. (D) 35. (A) 36. (B) 37. (C) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (B)
41. (C) 42. (C) 43. (A) 44. (B) 45. (D) 46. (D) 47. (C) 48. (D) 49. (D) 50. (D)
51. (D) 52. (D) 53. (D) 54. (C) 55. (D) 56. (C) 57. (D) 58. (D) 59. (D) 60. (A)

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Test By Nav Classes on Teaching & Research Aptitude 37 questions You have 20 minutes to answer

1 Which one of the following is the most important elements in teaching?

a) Relationship between teachers and students

b) Subject matter

c) Teaching techniques and aids used

d) Student's knowledge

निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा शिक्षण में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है? क) शिक्षकों और छात्रों के बीच संबंध बी) विषय वस्तु ग) शिक्षण तकनीकों और एड्स का इस्तेमाल किया घ) छात्र का ज्ञान

Answer A Relationship between teachers and students 

Improving students' relationships with teachers has important, positive and long-lasting implications for students' academic and social development.

2 Arrange the following teaching process in order

(i)    relating the present knowledge with the previous knowledge

(ii)   evaluation

(iii)  reteaching

(iv)  formulating objectives

(v)   presentation of materials

निम्न शिक्षण प्रक्रिया को व्यवस्थित करें
(i) पिछले ज्ञान से वर्तमान ज्ञान से संबंधित
(ii) मूल्यांकन
(iii) रीएचिंग
(iv) उद्देश्य तैयार करना
(v) सामग्रियों की प्रस्तुति

A.	(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
B.	(ii),(i) (iii), (iv),( v)
C.	( v), (iv),(iii),(i) , (ii)
D.	(iv),(i) ,( v), (ii),(iii)

3 Which of the following is the most important single factor in underlying the success of beginning a teacher ?

A.	scholarship
B.	communicative ability
C.	personality and its ability to relate to the class and to the pupils
D.	organisational ability  निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा शिक्षक एक शिक्षक की शुरुआत में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण कारक है? ए। छात्रवृत्ति बी संचार क्षमता सी। व्यक्तित्व और कक्षा और विद्यार्थियों से संबंधित होने की इसकी क्षमता डी संगठनात्मक क्षमता

4 The field of education is permeated by conflicts and misconception because

A.	problems in education call for subjectivity of interpretation
B.	problems encountered in teaching are not amenable to rigorous scientific investigation
C.	there are not good teaching methods and procedures
D.	teachers are not worthy of doing rigorous scientific investigation शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में विवाद और गलत धारणा से व्याप्त है क्योंकि ए। व्याख्या में व्यक्तिपरकता के लिए शिक्षा कॉल में समस्याएं बी शिक्षण में आने वाली समस्याओं को कठोर वैज्ञानिक जांच के मुताबिक नहीं किया जा सकता है सी वहाँ अच्छे शिक्षण विधियों और प्रक्रियाएं नहीं हैं डी शिक्षक कठोर वैज्ञानिक जांच करने के योग्य नहीं हैं

5 The most appropriate meaning of learning is

A.	inculcation of knowledge
B.	modification of behaviour
C.	personal adjustment
D.	acquisition of skills

सीखने का सबसे उचित अर्थ है ए ज्ञान का उपदेश बी व्यवहार के संशोधन सी व्यक्तिगत समायोजन डी कौशल का अधिग्रहण

 6 While dealing with juvenile delinquents a teacher should

A.	play them with filthy sex jokes
B.	talk with them frankly and guide and channelize their potentialities in con-structive ways
C.	complain to the principal against them
D.	none of the above

6 किशोर delinquents के साथ व्यवहार करते समय एक शिक्षक चाहिए

ए उन्हें गंदे सेक्स मजाक के साथ खेलते हैं

बी उनके साथ स्पष्ट रूप से बात करें और उनकी क्षमताओं को सह-संरचनात्मक तरीकों में मार्गदर्शन करें

सी उनके खिलाफ प्राचार्य से शिकायत करते हैं

डी इनमे से कोई भी नहीं

 7 

The professional requirements of a teacher as explained in the UNESCO publication is/are

A.	mastery over the subject and competency for teaching
B.	Innovativeness in approach and teaching strategies
C.	justice to the profession
D.	All of the above

8 If a student becomes unconscious in the class what will you do first ?

A.	Rushing to the principal's office and convassing for help impatiently
B.	Telephoning student's parents and waiting for them
C.	Giving first aid to him and trying to contact any nearby doctor
D.	making arrangement to send him to his home  यदि कोई छात्र कक्षा में बेहोश हो जाता है तो आप पहले क्या करेंगे? ए। प्रिंसिपल के कार्यालय से मिलने और मदद के लिए कमान संभालने के लिए बी छात्र के माता-पिता को टेलीफ़ोन करना और उनके लिए इंतजार करना सी। उसे प्राथमिक उपचार देना और किसी भी पास के चिकित्सक से संपर्क करने का प्रयास करना डी उसे अपने घर में भेजने की व्यवस्था कर रही है

9 A teacher exploits students in your school. In this situation, what you will do?

Options:
A) Report the matter to the principal.
B) Not interfere in this matter.
C) Guide the teacher please stop this activity.
D) Go on Satyagraha against the teacher.

10  which of the following statements regarding motivation is correct?

A.	Freewill, intellect and reason are the motivating factors according to Plato
B.	Inborn, unlearned tendencies, called instincts are the motivating forces according to James Burt
C.	Curiosity and level of aspiration are the motivating factors according to Berlyne
D.	All of the above

11 A new comer teacher who is maltreated in his class will deal with the students by

A.	applying punitive measures
B.	improving his qualities and expressing it before them in a good way
C.	changing his class after consultation with the principal
D.	giving them a threat of expulsion

12 Suppose you are teaching in a minority college where castism and narrow mindedness victimize you, for better adjustment there you should

A.	uplift the humanistic values beyond these narrow wall and develop scientific temper in your students
B.	be submissive there and save your job at all costs
C.	rebel against such attitudes as it is against the norms of the Indian society
D.	none of the above मान लीजिए कि आप एक अल्पसंख्यक कॉलेज में अध्यापन कर रहे हैं जहां जातिवाद और संकीर्ण मनोदशा आपको पीड़ित करती है, बेहतर समायोजन के लिए आपको चाहिए ए। इन संकीर्ण दीवार से परे मानवीय मूल्यों को आगे बढ़ाएं और अपने छात्रों में वैज्ञानिक स्वभाव का विकास करें बी वहाँ विनम्र हो और अपनी नौकरी हर कीमत पर बचाएं सी। ऐसे व्यवहार के खिलाफ विद्रोह क्योंकि यह भारतीय समाज के मानदंडों के खिलाफ है डी इनमे से कोई भी नहीं

13 A successful teacher is one who is

A.	Compassionate and disciplinarian
B.	Quite and reactive
C.	Tolerant and dominating
D.	Passive and active

14 The most important quality of a good teacher is

A.	Sound knowledge of subject matter
B.	Good communication skills
C.	Concern for student's welfare
D.	Effective leadership qualities

15 When some students are deliberately attempting to disturb the discipline of the class by making mischief, what will be your role as a teacher?

A.	Expelling those students
B.	Isolate those students
C.	Reform the group with your authority
D.	Giving them an opportunity for introspection and improve their behaviour

16 A teacher is said to be fluent in asking questions, if he can ask

A.	Meaningful questions
B.	As many questions as possible
C.	Maximum number of questions in a fixed time
D.	Many meaningful questions in a fixed time

17 Below are given two seat – research methods (Set-I) and data collection tools (Set-II). Match the two sets and indicate your answer by selecting the correct code:

Set-I		Set-II
A	Experimental method	i	Using primary and  secondary sources
B	Ex post-facto method	ii	Questionnaire
C	Descriptive survey method	iii	Standardized tests
D	Historical method	iv	Typical characteristics tests

Answer codes

Codes	A	B	C	D
1	ii	i	iii	iv
2	iii	iv	ii	i
3	ii	iii	i	iv
4	ii	iv	iii	i

 In descriptive survey method- we’ve to use questionnaires (Because it’s ‘survey). So c-ii. Automatically the answer is -2. but let’s consider other sets as well:

• Historical method- we have to use primary and secondary sources.
• In experimental method- we can collect data in a way that permit standardized tests.
• Unable to find any specific thing on ex post-facto method’s research tools. But all in all, 2 seems to be the appropriate choice.

18 Attributes of objects, events or things which can be measured are called

A.	qualitative measure
B.	data
C.	variables
D.	none of the above

19 A statistical measure based upon the entire population is called parameter while measure based upon a sample is known as

A.	sample parameter
B.	inference
C.	statistic
D.	none of these

When we study about an event by taking a sample from the population it is called statistic and a  group of statistical measures is called statistics.

20 Which of the following is a non-probability sample ?

A.	Quota sample
B.	Simple random sample
C.	Purposive sample
D.	(a) and (c) both

21 Independent variables are not manipulated in

A.	normative researches
B.	ex-post facto researches
C.	both of the above
D.	none of the above

 In normative researches only data are collected from the survey and after 'analysing them results are declared. Thus there is no need of manipulating independent variables. In ex-post facto-research effects are already known and researcher studies the causes lying behind these r effects. Here too independent variable are not manipulated.

22 Survey study aims at:

(i)  knowing facts about the two existing situation
(ii)  comparing the present status with the standard norms
(iii)  criticising the existing situation
(iv)  identifying the means of improving the existing situation

सर्वे अध्ययन का लक्ष्य है: (i) दो मौजूदा स्थिति के बारे में तथ्यों को जानना (ii) मानक मानदंडों के साथ वर्तमान स्थिति की तुलना करना (iii) मौजूदा स्थिति की आलोचना (iv) मौजूदा स्थिति में सुधार के साधनों की पहचान करना

A.	(i) and (ii) only
B.	(i), (ii), and (iii)
C.	(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
D.	(ii) and (iii) only

23 The validity and reliability of a research will be at stake when

A.	The author who is the source of information is biased, incompetent or dishonest
B.	The incident was reported after a long period of time from that of its occurrence
C.	The researcher himself is not competent enough to draw logical conclusions
D.	All of the above

24 The review of the related study is important while undertaking a research because

A.	it avoids repitition or duplication
B.	it helps in understanding the gaps
C.	it helps the researcher not to draw illogical conclusions
D.	all of above

25 Bibliography given in a research report

A.	helps those interested in further research and studying the problem from another angle
B.	makes the report authentic
C.	Both (a) & (b)
D.	none of the above

26 Collective psychology of the whole period is a theory which

A.	can explain all phase of historical development
B.	means the psychology of the whole society
C.	means psychological approach of data collection
D.	all of the above

27 The experimental study is based on the law of

A.	single variable
B.	replication
C.	occupation
D.	interest of the subject

28 Area (cluster) sampling technique is used when 

A.	population is scattered and large size of the sample is to be drawn
B.	population is heterogeneous
C.	long survey is needed
D.	(a) and (c)

29 Of the following learning theories, the one that embodies the idea that the learning takes place through insight is known as

निम्न अध्यापन सिद्धांतों में से एक, जो इस विचार का प्रतीक है कि अंतर्दृष्टि के माध्यम से सीखता है, उसे ज्ञात है

A) Gestalt
B) Stimulus-Response
C) Connectionist
D) Pragmatic

When long survey is being done and population is being scattered over a large area then researcher selects various groups from the whole area. The selection of these groups is based on the discretion of the researcher.

29  Definition and Meaning

Gestalt psychology introduced by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler in 1922. It is revolt against Stimulus Response approach to learning. It pointed out two weakness in the theory of conditioning.

1. Conditioning reduces complex human behavior to an accumulation of simple conditioned response.
2. Stimulus response theorists attribute learning to reduction of basic organic drives.

The Gestalt School made a strong attack on Thorndike’s theory of trial and error and asserted learning was not stamping-in of correct responses through trials and errors.

The behaviorist approach to learning was also not acceptable to Gestaltists as they wanted to study behavior as a whole and learning in its totality.

 It is primarily concerned with the nature of perception. According to it an individual perceives wholes and not parts. Learning is viewed as a purposive, exploratory, imaginative and creative enterprise in which the total situation is taken into account by the learners. Kohler and Koffka conducted many experiments on chimpanzees and brought out a book “Mentality of Apes” in 1925 (which is the result of these experiments conducted during 1913-17. These experiments show that learning was not the result of trial and error but of insight and the ability to see relationship between various factors involved in a situation.

The fullest and most systematic treatment of learning from the Gestalt view point is found in Koffka’s “Principles of Gestalt Psychology” 1935. He suggested that the laws of perception were equally applicable to learning. A learning situation is a problem situation and the learner has to see the problem as a whole and find its solution by insight. The law of organization of perception as applicable to learning is the law of Pragnaz and four laws of organization subordinate to it the laws of similarity, proximity, closure and good continuation.

What is Insight Learning?

1. It occurs with any reparations of trial
2. It aware the association of causes and effects
3. It occurs when information gathered

Important Principles of Gestalt Theory

1. Students should be encouraged to find out the relation of factors lead to a problem.
2. There are three stimuli in the learning process disturbances, gaps and incongruities
3. Teaching strategies should rely on law of organization

Problems of Learning

The Gestalt field theory has a number of problems of learning. Which are:

1. Capacity. Learning depends upon natural capacity of the learner.
2. Practice. Repetitions bring to light new relationships and consolidate trace system
3. Motivation. Law of effect is recognized in motivation
4. Understanding. The relationship between parts and wholes and means and ends are emphasized
5. Transfer. Generalized principles, common patterns or relationships are transferred.
6. Forgetting. Forgetting takes place because of changes in the traces. Traces may completely disappear or they may not be available at the particular time.

30 Chi-square test is an example of

(A) Parametric test

(B) Non-Parametric test

(C) Descriptive test

(D) Survey test

31. Phenomenological Research is a

(A) Qualitative Research

(B) Quantitative Research

(C) Trend Research

(D) Descriptive Research

The focus of phenomenologic inquiry is what people experience in regard to some phenomenon or other and how they interpret those experiences. Aphenomenological research study is a study that attempts to understand people's perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation (or phenomenon).

32 Research ethics do not include

A Honesty

B Subjectivity

C Objectivity

D Integrity

33. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?

वास्तविकता के व्यावहारिक दृष्टिकोण पर कौन सा शोध प्रतिमान आधारित है

a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above

 A pragmatic theory of truth is a theory of truth within the philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism. Pragmatic theories of truth were first posited by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. The common features of these theories are a reliance on the pragmatic maxim as a means of clarifying the meanings of difficult concepts such as truth; and an emphasis on the fact that belief, certainty, knowledge, or truth is the result of an inquiry.

34 The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:

a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Perfect
d. They are not correlated
35 A researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools. She develops a model that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She believes that parent involvement has an impact on children by increasing their motivation to do school work. Thus, in her model, greater parent involvement leads to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student achievement. Student motivation is what kind of variable in this study?

a. Manipulated variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Confounding variable
d. Mediating or intervening variable

एक शोधकर्ता खराब वित्त पोषित प्राथमिक विद्यालयों में बच्चों द्वारा उपलब्धि का अध्ययन करता है। वह एक मॉडल विकसित करती है जो माता-पिता की भागीदारी को एक महत्वपूर्ण चर के रूप में पेश करती है। उनका मानना ​​है कि माता-पिता की भागीदारी का स्कूल के काम करने के लिए उनकी प्रेरणा बढ़ाकर बच्चों पर असर पड़ता है। इस प्रकार, उनके मॉडल में, अधिक से अधिक माता-पिता की भागीदारी में उच्च छात्र प्रेरणा होती है, जो बदले में उच्च छात्र उपलब्धि पैदा करती है। छात्र प्रेरणा इस अध्ययन में किस तरह का चर है?

ए। चालाकी से चर
ख। अस्थायी चर
सी। परस्पर चर
घ। मध्यस्थ या चर में अंतर

36 Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories? 

  a. Deductive method  

 b. Inductive method   

c. Hypothesis method   

d. Pattern method

37 Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as

A.	statistical , inference of external validity of the research
B.	data analysis and interpretation
C.	parameter inference
D.	all of the above

1 a 2 D, 3 C, 4 B, 5 B, 6 B, 7 D, 8 C, 9 C, 10 D, 11 B, 12 A, 13 A, 14 B, 15 D, 16 D, 17 2, 18 C, 19 C, 20 D, 21 C, 22 B, 23 D, 24 D, 25 D, 26 A, 27 A, 28 D, 29 A, 30 B, 31 A, 32 B, 33 C, 34 A, 35 D, 36 A, 37 A