ENVIRONMENT- :
Ø Main constituents of Biogass is methane and carbon dioxide.
Ø Climate change has implications for soil moisture, forest
fire, biodiversity.
Ø Deemed universities declared by UGC under section 3 of the
UGC act 1956 are not permitted to open off campus and off shore campus anywhere
in the country & overseas respectively without the permission of UGC.
Ø Type of natural hazards cause maximum damage to property
& lives are hydro meteorological.
Ø Dioxins are produced from combustion of plastics.
Ø A tree for each child- slogan for social forestry programme.
Ø Constituents of photochemical smog responsible for eye
irritation – HCHO & PAN ( Peroxyacyl nitrates)
Ø Some carbonaceous aerosols may be carcinogenic because they
may contain polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHS)
Ø Volcanic eruptions effect lithosphere, hydrosphere ,
atmosphere .
Ø Ganga action plan- 1986
Ø Thermal > hydro> nuclear> wind
Ø Chromium as a contaiminant in drinking water in excess of
permissible levels causes dermal & nervous problem.
Ø Flash floods are caused when the atmosphere is convectively
unstable and there is considerable vertical wind shear.
Ø In mega cities of India, the dominat source of air pollution
is municipal waste.
Ø Sulphur dioxide affects respiratory tract in humans.
Ø Chloroflurocarbons pollutant is not emitted from the
transport sector.
Ø Solar energy has the maximum potential in India.
Ø Agriculture sector is not a source of pollution in india.
Ø Nuclear accident is not a natural hazard.
Ø Ecological footprint represents area of productive land &
water to meet the resources requirement.
Ø Irritation in eyes are caused by the pollutant PAN
peroxyacetyl nitrate (nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons)
Ø Refrigerator and air conditioners is a source of
chloroflurocarbons.
Ø Salt is not a renewable natural resources.
Ø Density is not used as a parameters for pollution indicator
in water.
Ø Earthquakes- s & p waves are associated with it.
Ø Wetlands is a source of methane.
Ø Minamata disaster in japan was caused by pollution due to
Mercury.
Ø Biomagnification means increase in the concentration of
pollutants in living organisms.
Ø Nagoya protocol is related to Biodiversity.
Ø Hydropower is the second most important source after fossil
fuels contributing to India’s energy needs.
Ø In case of earthquakes an increase of magnitude of 1 on
Richter scale implies a ten- fold increase in the amplitude of seismic waves.
Ø The tragedy of commons is related to degradation of renewable
free access resources.
Ø Kyoto protocol is related to climate change.
Ø Transport sector is a source of emissions leading to the
eventual formation of surface ozone as a pollutant.
Ø Montreal – ozone depletion
Ø Cartegena- Biosphere
Ø Smog in cities in India is mainly consist of oxides of
nitrogen & unburnt hydrocarbons.
Ø Droughts & floods are the types of natural hazards have
the highest potential to cause damage to humans.
Ø The percentage share of renewable energy sources in the power
production in India is around 10% to 12%
Ø Africa continents is at a greater risk of desertification.
Ø Removal of tropical forest is not a matter of global concern
because of their ability to absorb the chemicals that contribute the depletion
of ozone layer.
Ø The most comprehensive approach to address the problems of
man-environment interaction is watershed development approach.
Ø The major source of the pollutant gas, carbon monoxide in
urban areas is transport sector.
Ø In a fuel cell driven vehicle the energy is obtained from the
combustion of hydrogen.
Ø Beijing cites has been worst affected by urban smog in recent
times.
Ø The primary source of organic pollution in fresh water bodies
is sewage effluents.
Ø Lahar is a natural disaster involving the eruption of large
amount of materials.
Ø In order to avoid the catastrophic consequences of climate
change there is a general agreement among the countries of the world to limit
the rise in average surface temperature of earth compared to that of ore
industrial times by 1.5 degree to 2 degree.
Ø The national disaster management authority functions under
the union ministry of home affairs.
Ø Methane green- house gases has the shortest residence time in
the atmosphere.
Ø The primary source of uranium in India is Jaduguda.
Ø Rajasthan receives the highest solar radiation in the
country.
Ø Tamil Nadu coastal belt has drinking water shortage due to
seepage of sea water.
Ø While all rivers of peninsular India flow into the Bay of
Bengal , Narmada & Tapti flow into the Arabian sea because these two rivers
flow the slope of these rift valley.
Ø Soils in the Mahanadi delta are less fertile than those in
the Godavari delta because of erosion of top soils by annual floods.
Ø Aerosols have potential for modifying climate because it
interact with both short waves & radiation.
Ø The most significant impact of volcanic eruption has been
felt in the form of change in weather.
Ø With absorption & decomposition of co2 in ocean water
beyond desired level, there will be growth of phytoplankton.
Ø The maximum emissions of pollutants from fuel sources in
India is caused by Coal.
Ø Persistent pollutant – DDT
Ø Non degradable pollutant – lead , mercury, nuclear waste
Ø The air pollution control act- 1981
Ø Secondary pollutants – sulphuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic
acid.
Ø Environment protection act- 1986
Ø NIPTS- permanent loss of hearing and no recovery
Ø Solar, wind, - renewable energy
Ø Only 3% of water on the world’s surface representing fresh
water.
Ø Hardness of Diamond is due to covalent bonding
Ø In biological systems Sulphur is largely bound in proteins.
Ø Pyramid of trophic levels is always upright in case of
energy.
Ø The source of thermal pollution are power plants, cooling
forests industrial effluents.
Ø Humin is a humic groups which is not soluble in both acid
& alkali
Ø Composting is a waste recycling method of solid waste
management.
Ø In India environmental Impact assessment report of a proposed
river valley project after environmental clearance is applicable for 10 max
years.
Ø An earthquake is related as major if its magnitude in Richter
scale is in the range of 7 to 7.9.
Ø Natural gas is composed primarily of methane.
Ø When an atmosphere has an isothermal profile it is slightly
stable.
Ø The maximum tidal energy potential in India is in Gulf of
Khambhat.
Ø In living organisms phosphorous is largely associated with
Nucleic acids.
Ø USA has the maximum per capita emissions of carbon dioxide.
Ø Biodiversity coined as a contraction of Biological diversity
– 1985
Ø Anthropogenic – Man-made
Ø Overexploitation is also known as Overharvesting
Ø The forces that cause humans to destroy habitat are known as
drivers of habitat destruction
Ø The outbreak of cadmium poisoning occurred in Japan in the
form of itai-itai disease in which the bones of victim become fragile.
Ø Carbon monoxide attacks haemoglobin displaces oxygen to form
carboxyhaemoglobin.
Ø Sulphur dioxide – main effect on repiratory tract.
Ø Combination of s02 and smoke = smog
Ø So2 causes serious air pollutant and acid rain.
Ø Photochemical smog= ozone + PAN
Ø Pesticide- DDT attacks the central nervous system of insects
Ø MIC = methylisocyanate
Ø Carcinogens are chemicals which causes cancer in animal &
humans
Ø Dendrochronology- It is the study of the rings found in the
trees that indicate annual increment in tree growth.
GLOBAL
WARMING
Ø It implies an increase in the average temperature of the
earth’s atmosphere near the surface.
Ø IPCC – Inter governmental panel on climate change
Ø Most of this observed increase in temperature has been caused
by increasing concentration of greenhouse gases, as burning fossil fuels,
deforestation.
Ø The chief greenhouse gases that are considered responsible
this change include co2, ch4, h2o & ozone.
Ø After Co2, methane is another important greenhouse gas.
Ø Warming – artic region.
Ø The most important evidence of warming of global climate
includes observed increase in average air & ocean temperature, melting of
snow & ice sheets & rising average sea level
Ø National climate data center show that 2005 & 2010 read
for earth warmest year.
Ø Due to the landmass & water differences the northern
hemisphere warms faster & to a greater extent than the southern.
Ø Among them water vapor causes 36 % to 70% of greenhouse
effect, carbon dioxide causes about 9 to 26%, methane causes 4% to 9% &
ozone %is responsible to 3% to 7% .
Ø PPM (Part per million)
Ø About 75% of the increase in the concentration of Co2 has
come from burning of fossil fuels
Ø Global warming itself might lead to an increased amounts of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to melting of ice from the polar areas.
Ø One of the important sources of oxides of nitrogen is the
emissions from thermal power plants using coal as the fuel. Co2, so2 &
oxides of nitrogen are the most prominent gases emitted from coal fired thermal
power plants.
Ø In the upper atmosphere the oxides of nitrogen lead to
destruction of ozone.
Ø Tundra region is likely to grow warmer with global warming.
Ø Montreal protocol – ozone depletion.
Ø Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed
directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the
global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time period.
Ø Climate change is usually measured in major shifts in
temperature, rainfall, snow & wind patterns lasting decades or more.
Ø Causes of global warming are as follows-
1)
Rise in sea level
2)
Changes in rainfall
pattern
3)
Increased likelihood of
extreme events such as heat wave, flooding , hurricanes
4)
Melting of the ice caps
5)
Melting of the glaciers
6)
Widespread vanishing of
animal populations due to habitat loss.
7)
Spread of disease like
malaria
8)
Bleaching of coral reefs
9)
Loss of plankton due to
warming of seas
Ø Human generated greenhouse gas emissions upset the natural
balance & lead to increased warmth.
Ø Human generated carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil
fuels, deforestation.
Ø Greenhouse gases means those gaseous constituents of the
atmosphere both natural & anthropogenic (man-made) those absorbs & re
emit infrared radiation.
Ø Water vapour is the biggest contributor of greenhouse gas
Ø Co2 the most effective way t reduce co2 emissions is to
reduce fossil fuel consumption.
Ø Ch4 (methane) shortest resistance in the atmosphere. Wetlands
are the largest source emitting ch4 from bacteria that decompose organic
materials in the absence of oxygen.
Ø Agriculture sector is the primary source of ch4 remissions
Ø N2o (naturally emissions of n2o are mainly from bacteria
breaking down nitrogen in soils & the oceans)
Ø Fluorinated gases are removed from the atmosphere only when
they are destroyed by sunlight in the far upper atmosphere. In general
fluorinated gases are the most potent & longest lasting type of greenhouse
gases emitted by human activities such as 1) hydroflurocarbons 2)
perflurocarbons (almunium) 3) sulfur hexafluoride (magnesium) as well as tracer
to gas leak
Ø Black carbon is a sold particle or aerosol, contributes to
warming of the atmosphere. Also known as soot or incomplete combustion. It’s a
pure carbon. Black carbon warms the earth by absorbing heat in the atmosphere
and by reducing albedol the ability to reflect sunlight when deposited on snow
& ice.
Ø Black carbon is the stronger absorber of sunlight & heats
the air directly.
Ø According to estimates 25% -35% of black carbon comes from
china & india from burning wood and cow dung.
Ø Project surya has been launched to reduce black carbon in
atmosphere by introducing efficient stove technologies, solar cooker, solar
lamps & biogas plants.
Ø Brown carbon- bio mass burning
Ø GWP- Global warming potential for a gas is a measure of the
total energy that a gas absorbs over a particular period of time compared to
carbon dioxide
Ø Global emissions source-
1)
Burning of coal, natural
gas
2)
Industry (fossil fuels)
3)
Land use (deforestation,
land cleans)
4)
Agriculture
5)
Transportation
6)
Commercial &
residential
Ø Acid rain is the rainfall that has been acidified. It is
formed when oxides of Sulphur & nitrogen reach with the moisture in the
atmosphere. Ph <5.6
Ø Acid rain is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet &
dry decomposition.
Ø Sox and nox that creates acid rain are often transported to
distances far away from their points of origin by the wind so that the adverse
effects of pollution are also experienced at place remote from the place of
genesis.
Ø In India the first report of acid rain came from Bombay in
1974.
Ø Lichens serve as good bio-indicator for air pollution.
PH SCALE
Ø The ph scale is a measure of how acidic or basic (alkaline)
solution is.
Ø It ranges from 0 to 14. A ph of 7 is neutral
Ø A ph less than 7 is acidic & ph greater than 7 is basic
Ø It was devised in 1909 and it is logarithmic Index for the
hydrogen ion concentration in the aqueous solution.
Ø Ph values decreases as hydrogen ion levels increases.
Ø A solution with ph4 is a ten times more acidic than solution
with ph5 and a hundred times more acidic than solution with ph6.
IMPACT OF ACID RAIN
Ø Cause leaching of the nutrients making the soil infertile.
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