Higher education in India all notes | CBSE UGC NET | Paper 1

Introduction to higher education:-

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Higher education provides people with an opportunity to reflect on the critical, social
economical, cultural moral and spiritual issues facing humanity. It contributes to the national development though dissemination of specialized knowledge and skills. It is therefore, a crucial factor for survival. Being at the apex of the educational pyramid, it also has a key role in producing teachers for the educational system Higher Education is a key element is demographic dividend and also that it intends to make optimum utilization of human resources specifically in age group of 15-95 years.

Formal education system can be categorized into three, namely primary, secondary
and tertiary education. Tertiary education is a wider term it is higher education plus

vocational education. According to the perspective of the UGC NET paper I focus is on higher education.
उच्च शिक्षा लोगों को महत्वपूर्ण, सामाजिक पर प्रतिबिंबित करने का अवसर प्रदान करता है
आर्थिक, सांस्कृतिक नैतिक और आध्यात्मिक मुद्दों मानवता का सामना करना पड़ रहा है। यह राष्ट्रीय विकास के लिए योगदान देता है, हालांकि विशेष ज्ञान और कौशल का प्रसार। इसलिए, अस्तित्व के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण कारक है। शैक्षिक पिरामिड के शीर्ष पर होने के कारण, शैक्षणिक व्यवस्था के लिए शिक्षकों के उत्पादन में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका है उच्च शिक्षा एक महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है जनसांख्यिकीय लाभांश और यह भी कि मानव संसाधनों का अधिकतम उपयोग विशेष रूप से 15 वर्ष की आयु समूह में करना है - 95 साल

औपचारिक शिक्षा प्रणाली को तीन में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है, अर्थात् प्राथमिक, माध्यमिक
और तृतीयक शिक्षा तृतीयक शिक्षा एक व्यापक शब्द है जो उच्च शिक्षा से अधिक है
व्यावसायिक शिक्षा। यूजीसी नेट पेपर 1 के परिप्रेक्ष्य के मुताबिक 1 फोकस उच्च शिक्षा पर है।

Secondary education begins to expose students to the varied roles or science,
humanities, and social sciences and also to vocational streams. This is also an appropriate stage to provide children with a sense of history and national perspective and give them opportunities of understand their constitutional duties and rights as citizens. Board of Secondary Education plays the main role in importing this education. Elementary or primary education adopts child-centred approach. It continues up to 14 years.

There are three principle levels of qualification in higher education.
1. Undergraduate level leading to bachelors'

2. Postgraduate level leading to master degree

3. Research level leading to Ph.D. Fellowship, or Post doctorate
उच्च शिक्षा में योग्यता के तीन सिद्धांत स्तर हैं।
1. स्नातक स्तर के स्नातक '

2. स्नातकोत्तर स्तर मास्टर डिग्री करने के लिए अग्रणी

3. पीएचडी के लिए अग्रणी अनुसंधान स्तर फैलोशिप, या पोस्ट डॉक्टरेट

Evolution of Higher Education System in India

The development of the education system in India can be broadly divided into five stages

1. Ancient Period/Vedic Period

2. Buddhist Period

3. Medieval period.

4. British period

5.Post Independence period

The origin of education in India can be traced to the Vedic age. Our ancient literature,
namely Vedas, Brahman as, and Upanishads revealed the highest knowledge to mankind through our ancient rishis.

1. During the Gupta period India became a centre of higher learning with Nalanda (all
branches of knowledge), Takshila (study of medicine), and Ujjain (Study of astronomy) among other.

2. During the advent of Buddhism Sarnath University became a great centre of learning to study Buddhism. Ajanta was also a great place of learning to study Buddhism. Ajanta was also a great place of learning art, architecture and painting. Indian society thrived and its economy also dominated the world under this kind of education system.

3. Mughal education system consisted of primary and secondary schools and even colleges.
Colleges were established at Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Delhi and other places. Education
system based on Hindu Philosophy also existed side by side.

4 Higher education system under British rule:

The major change in the traditional style of higher education was brought by the European rulers starting from 1600 AD .Till 1850 informal European style learning centres existed across India Their man focus was in development of European language speaking administrators and clerks for enriching the establishment of the European rule. The British were successful by 1800 in controlling much the Indian sub-continent under the rule East India Company. The British established formal system of higher education which continues till date. Lord Macaulay had been responsible in making English as the language of instruction across the education system in India. The British style University was established in Calcutta, Mumbai and Chennai in the year 1857 based on the model of University of London which has been the foundation of the modern higher education system in India. Universities focused on languages, literature, history and philosophy. These learning centers were focused on generating English speaking working class for the British administrative services, army and trade. Modern Science and engineering education which flourished in Europe and America during the late 1800 weren’t the main focus under the British rule. By 1903 the Indian Institute of Science was established by Tata with focus on research in science and engineering which is the first higher technical learning system in modern India. The British model of University system continued expand across India leading to growing number of higher learning centers by 1947.

5. India with second largest population is home to the third largest higher education system in the world by volume of students enrolled. Government of India through Ministry of Human Resource development (MHRD) under the Department of Higher Education shapes the policies related to higher education. The University Grants Commission (UGC) a statutory body established in 1956 through Parliament enacted law modeled on the UGC of United kingdom is responsible for co-ordination, evaluation and maintaining standards of higher education in India.UGC funded through MHRD is responsible for establishing central universities across India and for recognizing Deemed to be Universities run by privately funded trusts and Universities established by the 28 Federal State governments across India. UGC has established statutory Councils to promote, provide grants, set standards and establish professional education in different areas
In 2006 Singapore China India Japan, and other nations announced a proposed plan to restore and revive the ancient site as Nalanda International University.

भारत में उच्च शिक्षा प्रणाली का विकास
भारत में शिक्षा की उत्पत्ति वैदिक युग से पता लगा सकती है। हमारे प्राचीन साहित्य,
अर्थात् वेद, ब्राह्मण और उपनिषद ने हमारे प्राचीन ऋषियों के माध्यम से मानव जाति के लिए उच्चतम ज्ञान प्रकट किया।

1. गुप्त अवधि के दौरान भारत नालंदा के साथ उच्च शिक्षा का केंद्र बन गया (सभी
ज्ञान की शाखाएं), तक्षशिला (चिकित्सा का अध्ययन), और उज्जैन (खगोल विज्ञान का अध्ययन)
2. बौद्ध धर्म के आगमन के दौरान, सारनाथ विश्वविद्यालय, बौद्ध धर्म का अध्ययन करने के लिए एक महान केंद्र बन गया। अजिंठा भी बौद्ध धर्म का अध्ययन करने के लिए सीखने का एक महान स्थान था। अजंता सीखने की कला, वास्तुकला और चित्रकला का एक शानदार स्थान भी था। भारतीय समाज में सुधार हुआ और इसकी अर्थव्यवस्था इस प्रकार की शिक्षा प्रणाली के तहत दुनिया पर भी प्रभुत्व रही।
3. मुगल शिक्षा प्रणाली में प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक विद्यालयों और यहां तक कि कॉलेजों के शामिल थे।
महाविद्यालय, फतेहपुर सीकरी, आगरा, दिल्ली और अन्य स्थानों पर स्थापित किए गए थे। शिक्षा
हिंदू दर्शनशास्त्र पर आधारित प्रणाली भी साथ में मौजूद थी।

4. ब्रिटिश शासन के तहत उच्च शिक्षा प्रणाली:
उच्च शिक्षा की पारंपरिक शैली में प्रमुख परिवर्तन यूरोपीय शासकों द्वारा 1600 ईस्वी से शुरू किया गया था। 1850 के अंत तक भारत भर में अनौपचारिक यूरोपीय शैली के शिक्षण केंद्र अस्तित्व में थे, उनका व्यक्ति ध्यान यूरोप की भाषा बोलने वाले प्रशासकों और क्लर्कों के विकास में समृद्ध बनाने के लिए था। यूरोपीय नियम ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी शासन के तहत भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप को नियंत्रित करने के लिए 1800 में ब्रिटिश सफल रहे थे ब्रिटिश ने उच्च शिक्षा की औपचारिक प्रणाली की स्थापना की जो आज तक जारी है। भारत में शिक्षा प्रणाली में शिक्षा की भाषा के रूप में अंग्रेजी को बनाने में भगवान मैकॉले जिम्मेदार थे ब्रिटिश शैली विश्वविद्यालय का गठन कलकत्ता, मुंबई और चेन्नई में 1857 में लंदन विश्वविद्यालय के मॉडल के आधार पर किया गया था जो कि भारत में आधुनिक उच्च शिक्षा प्रणाली की नींव रही है। विश्वविद्यालयों, भाषाओं, साहित्य, इतिहास और दर्शन पर केंद्रित ये शिक्षण केंद्र ब्रिटिश प्रशासनिक सेवाओं, सेना और व्यापार के लिए अंग्रेजी बोलने वाले श्रमिक वर्ग पैदा करने पर केंद्रित थे। 1800 के अंत के दौरान यूरोप और अमेरिका में विकसित हुए आधुनिक विज्ञान और इंजीनियरिंग शिक्षा ब्रिटिश शासन के तहत मुख्य ध्यान नहीं थीं। 1 9 03 तक, भारतीय विज्ञान संस्थान, टाटा ने विज्ञान और इंजीनियरिंग में अनुसंधान पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया जो आधुनिक भारत में पहली उच्च तकनीकी शिक्षा प्रणाली है। विश्वविद्यालय प्रणाली का ब्रिटिश मॉडल पूरे भारत में फैला रहा, जिससे 1 9 47 तक उच्च शिक्षा केन्द्रों की संख्या बढ़ रही है।

5. भारत की दूसरी सबसे बड़ी आबादी के साथ दुनिया में तीसरी सबसे बड़ी उच्च शिक्षा प्रणाली का नामांकित छात्रों की मात्रा के आधार पर है। उच्च शिक्षा विभाग के तहत मानव संसाधन विकास मंत्रालय (एमएचआरडी) के माध्यम से भारत सरकार उच्च शिक्षा से संबंधित नीतियों को आकार देती है। यूनिवर्सिटी ग्रांट्स कमिशन (यूजीसी) 1 9 56 में संयुक्त राज्य विश्वविद्यालय के यूजीसी पर आधारित विधि अधिनियमित किए गए एक सांविधिक निकाय जो भारत में उच्च शिक्षा के समन्वय, मूल्यांकन और मानकों को बनाए रखने के लिए जिम्मेदार है। एमएचआरडी के माध्यम से वित्त पोषित यूजीसी केंद्रीय की स्थापना के लिए जिम्मेदार है पूरे भारत में विश्वविद्यालयों और भारत भर में 28 संघीय राज्य सरकारों द्वारा स्थापित निजी तौर पर वित्त पोषित ट्रस्टों और विश्वविद्यालयों द्वारा संचालित विश्वविद्यालयों के लिए डीम्ड को मान्यता देने के लिए। यूजीसी ने विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में बढ़ावा देने, अनुदान, निर्धारित मानकों और व्यावसायिक शिक्षा स्थापित करने के लिए वैधानिक परिषद स्थापित की है
2006 में सिंगापुर चीन भारत जापान, और अन्य देशों ने नालंदा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विश्वविद्यालय को पुनर्स्थापित करने और पुनर्जीवित करने की एक प्रस्तावित योजना की घोषणा की।

Key Developments of Modern Education System

CHARTER ACT (1813):- The objective was to spread scientific knowledge in British India.
चादर एक्ट (1813): - इसका उद्देश्य ब्रिटिश भारत में वैज्ञानिक ज्ञान फैलाना था

The Christian missionaries were allowed in the country to preach their religion. In 1817,
ईसाई मिशनरियों को अपने धर्म का प्रचार करने के लिए देश में अनुमति दी गई थी। 1817 में,

Hindu College was established in Calcutta which later became Presidency College in 1855 and Presidency University in 2010.
हिंदू कॉलेज की स्थापना कलकत्ता में हुई थी, जो बाद में 1855 में प्रेसीडेंसी कॉलेज और 2010 में प्रेसीडेंसी विश्वविद्यालय बन गई थी।

ELPHINSTONE REPORT (1823):- It recommended the appointment of district
Examination officers, School supervisors, and training to teachers.
Elphinostone Institution was set up in 1834 in Bombay which marked the beginning
of new developments in the field of higher education. It is one of the oldest colleges of Bombay University.
ELPHINSTONE रिपोर्ट (1823): - यह जिले की नियुक्ति की सिफारिश की
शिक्षकों को परीक्षा अधिकारी, स्कूल पर्यवेक्षक, और प्रशिक्षण।

एलफिनोस्टोन इंस्टीट्यूशन की शुरुआत 1834 में बंबई में हुई थी, जिसने शुरुआत की शुरुआत की थी उच्च शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में नए विकास की। यह बॉम्बे विश्वविद्यालय के सबसे पुराने कॉलेजों में से एक है।

MACAULAY'S MINUTES (1835):- It suggested diffusion of English education in the
country. However these initiatives were mainly directed at elementary and secondary
education. Lord Macaulay wanted to build and education system that was secular and
scientific, free of age old prejudices and at par with the Western world. In this way, he played his part in building the modern India.
मैक्यूले के मिनट (1835): - इसमें अंग्रेजी शिक्षा का प्रसार का सुझाव दिया गया
देश। हालांकि इन पहलों को मुख्य रूप से प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक पर निर्देशित किया गया था
शिक्षा। भगवान मैकॉले धर्मनिरपेक्ष और शिक्षा प्रणाली बनाना चाहते थे

वैज्ञानिक, पुराने पूर्वाग्रहों से मुक्त और पश्चिमी दुनिया के समान है इस तरह, उन्होंने आधुनिक भारत के निर्माण में अपनी भूमिका निभाई।

WOOD DISPATCH (1854):- It was the first policy measure regarding higher education. It recommended setting up of three universities namely at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay which were set up in 1857.
वुड डिस्पैच (1854): - यह उच्च शिक्षा के संबंध में पहला नीति उपाय था। 1857 में स्थापित मद्रास, कलकत्ता और बॉम्बे में तीन विश्वविद्यालयों की स्थापना की सिफारिश की गई थी।

HUNTER COMMISSION (1882-1883):- It emphasized the segregation of primary
education and higher education. It proposed that universities would have to manage the affiliated colleges.
शिकारी कमीशन (1882-1883): - इसमें प्राथमिक के अलगाव को बल दिया

शिक्षा और उच्च शिक्षा यह प्रस्तावित है कि विश्वविद्यालयों को संबद्ध कॉलेजों का प्रबंधन करना होगा।

UNIVERSITIES COMMISSION (1902):- Lord Curzon was the first person to appoint a
commission on university education. On January 27, 1902, the Indian Universities Act, 1904-
India University Commission was appointed under the Chairmanship of Sir Thomas Raleigh to enquire into conditions and prospects of the universities established in British India and to consider and report upon the proposals of the universities established in British India and to consider and report upon the proposals for improving their constitution and working.

The Indian Universities Act of 1904, passed on March 21 was formulated on the basis of the recommendations of the India University commission of 1902.
यूनिवर्सिटी कमिशन (1 9 02): - लॉर्ड कर्जन एक को नियुक्त करने वाले पहले व्यक्ति थे
विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा पर आयोग 27 जनवरी 1 9 02 को भारतीय विश्वविद्यालय अधिनियम, 1 9 04-
ब्रिटिश भारत में स्थापित विश्वविद्यालयों की स्थितियों और संभावनाओं की जांच के लिए और ब्रिटिश भारत में स्थापित विश्वविद्यालयों के प्रस्तावों पर विचार करने और उनकी रिपोर्ट करने के लिए सर थॉमस रेले की अध्यक्षता में भारत विश्वविद्यालय आयोग नियुक्त किया गया था और सुधार के प्रस्तावों पर विचार करने और रिपोर्ट करने के लिए उनके संविधान और काम करना

1 9 04 में भारतीय विश्वविद्यालय अधिनियम, 1 9 02 में भारत विश्वविद्यालय आयोग की सिफारिशों के आधार पर 21 मार्च को पारित किया गया था।

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATION:- After partition of Bengal in 1905, national
council of education was set up by swadeshi nationalist leaders, which developed into Jadavpur University after independence.
नेशनल काउंसिल ऑफ एज्युकेशन: - 1 9 05 में बंगाल के विभाजन के बाद, राष्ट्रीय
स्वदेशी राष्ट्रवादी नेताओं द्वारा शिक्षा की परिषद स्थापित की गई थी, जो आजादी के बाद जादवपुर विश्वविद्यालय में विकसित हुई थी।

RESOLUTION ON EDUCATIONS POLICY (1913):- This policy recommended that a
university should be established for each province the teaching activities of universities should be encouraged, and that the colleges located in mofussil towns should be developed into teaching universities in due course.
एजुकेशन पॉलिसी (1 9 13) पर रिजल्ट्यूशन: - यह नीति अनुशंसित की गई थी कि ए

विश्वविद्यालयों को प्रत्येक प्रांत के लिए स्थापित किया जाना चाहिए, विश्वविद्यालयों की शिक्षण गतिविधियों को प्रोत्साहित किया जाना चाहिए, और मुफौसी शहरों में स्थित कॉलेजों को पाठ्यक्रमों के दौरान विश्वविद्यालयों में अध्यापन के लिए विकसित किया जाना चाहिए।

SADDLER COMMISSION (1917):- It is also popular as the Calcutta University
commission.
1. It recommended the separation of intermediate education from Degree College and
suggested a special selection committee for selection of university teachers.
2. Calcutta university commission suggested the setting up of Central Advisory Board of
Education (CASE) CABE was set up in 1920 but was abolished in 1923 due to
financial crisis.
3. Under the Government of India Act, 1919 education was made a provincial subject
so as to minimize the control of central government in the education system.
दलदलीय आयोग (1 9 17): - यह कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में भी लोकप्रिय है
आयोग।
1. यह डिग्री कॉलेज से मध्यवर्ती शिक्षा के विभाजन की सिफारिश की गई है
विश्वविद्यालय के शिक्षकों के चयन के लिए एक विशेष चयन समिति का सुझाव दिया
2. कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय आयोग ने केंद्रीय सलाहकार बोर्ड की स्थापना का सुझाव दिया
शिक्षा (मामला) सीएबीई की स्थापना 1 9 20 में हुई, लेकिन 1 99 3 में इसे समाप्त कर दिया गया था
वित्तीय संकट।
3. भारत सरकार अधिनियम, 1 9 1 9 के तहत शिक्षा को प्रांतीय विषय बनाया गया था

इसलिए शिक्षा प्रणाली में केंद्र सरकार के नियंत्रण को कम करने के लिए।

HARTOG COMMITTEE (1929):- The committee focused on improving the quality and
standard of university level education. It again recommended the setting up of CABE, which was again established in 1935 and has been in existence since.
हार्टओग कमेटी (1 9 2 9): - समिति ने विश्वविद्यालय स्तर की शिक्षा की गुणवत्ता और गुणवत्ता में सुधार लाने पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया। फिर से सीएबीई की स्थापना की सिफारिश की, जिसे 1 9 35 में फिर से स्थापित किया गया था और अब से अस्तित्व में है।

SAPRU COMMITTEE:- the committee appointed in 1934 by the United province (largely present Uttar Pradesh) Government to enquire into the causes of unemployment in U.P came to the conclusion that the system of education commonly prevalent prepared pupils only for examination and degrees and not for any avocation in life.
सपरू समिति: - यूपी में बेरोजगारी के कारणों की जांच के लिए यूनाइटेड प्रांत (मोटे तौर पर उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार) द्वारा 1 9 34 में नियुक्त की गई समिति ने निष्कर्ष पर पहुंचा कि शिक्षा की व्यवस्था केवल आम तौर पर तैयार विद्यार्थियों को परीक्षा और डिग्री के लिए ही नहीं, बल्कि जीवन में किसी भी स्थान का

ABBOT WOOD REPROT (1937):- It proposed the English should be the medium of
instruction at university level. It recommended vocational training through polytechnics and setting up of vocational teacher's training colleges.
ABBOT WOOD REPROT (1 9 37): - यह प्रस्ताव है कि अंग्रेजी का माध्यम होना चाहिए

विश्वविद्यालय स्तर पर निर्देश इसने पॉलिटेक्निक के माध्यम से व्यावसायिक प्रशिक्षण की सिफारिश की और व्यावसायिक शिक्षक के प्रशिक्षण कॉलेजों की स्थापना की।

WARDHA SCHEME OF ECUCATION (1937):- It is also known as Nai Talim or Basic
Education or buniyadi Talim (Shiksha) or basic shiksha. The scheme is an outcome of the philosophy of Gandhi ji. It was given a definite shape by the committee under the
chairmanship shape by the committee under the chairmanship of Dr Zakir Hussain who later on become the president of India.
वर्धा योजना के अधिग्रहण (1 9 37): - इसे नई तालीम या बेसिक के रूप में भी जाना जाता है
शिक्षा या बुनियादी तालीम (शिक्षा) या बुनियादी शिक्षा यह योजना गांधी जी के दर्शन का एक परिणाम है। इसके तहत समिति द्वारा एक निश्चित आकार दिया गया था

डॉ। जाकिर हुसैन की अध्यक्षता में समिति द्वारा अध्यक्षता की अध्यक्षता, जो बाद में भारत के राष्ट्रपति बने।

SARGENT REPORT (1944):- The Sargent report is also called scheme of post war
Educational development in India.
सार्जेंट रिपोर्ट (1 9 44): - सार्जेंट रिपोर्ट को युद्ध के बाद की योजना भी कहा जाता है

भारत में शैक्षिक विकास

HIGHER Education AFTER INDEPENDENCE:- Government of India took several
initiatives to improve and promote higher education in the country after independence.
स्वतंत्रता के बाद उच्च शिक्षा: - भारत सरकार ने कई ले लिया

स्वतंत्रता के बाद देश में उच्च शिक्षा को बेहतर बनाने और बढ़ावा देने की पहल

RADHAKRISHNAN COMMISSION (1948-1949):- Radhakrishnan commission also
known as university Education commission suggested the integration of secondary education and higher education by setting up of UGC. It also recommended the setting up of rural universities.
राधाकृष्ण आयोग (1 948-19 4 9): - राधाकृष्णन आयोग भी

विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा आयोग ने यूजीसी की स्थापना के माध्यम से माध्यमिक शिक्षा और उच्च शिक्षा के एकीकरण का सुझाव दिया। इसमें ग्रामीण विश्वविद्यालयों की स्थापना की भी सिफारिश की गई।

MUDALIAR COMMISSION (1952-1953):- It is also popular as the Secondary Education
commission. It recommended introducing a three year secondary and a four year higher education system. I also advocated setting up of multipurpose schools and vocational training institutes.
मुदलियार आयोग (1 952-1953): - यह माध्यमिक शिक्षा के रूप में भी लोकप्रिय है

आयोग। यह एक तीन साल के माध्यमिक और चार साल की उच्च शिक्षा प्रणाली शुरू करने की सिफारिश की। मैंने बहुउद्देशीय विद्यालयों और व्यावसायिक प्रशिक्षण संस्थानों की स्थापना की भी वकालत की।

COMMITTEE ON EMOTIONAL INTEGRATION (1961):- It was set up under the
chairmanship of Dr Sampurnanand to study the role of educational programmes for youth, in general and students in schools and colleges, in particular in order to strengthen the process of emotional integration.
भावनात्मक एकत्रीकरण (1 9 61) पर समिति: - इसके तहत स्थापित किया गया था

युवाओं के लिए शैक्षिक कार्यक्रमों की भूमिका का अध्ययन करने के लिए डॉ। संपैननंद की अध्यक्षता में, सामान्य रूप से और स्कूलों और कॉलेजों में छात्रों को विशेष रूप से भावनात्मक एकीकरण की प्रक्रिया को मजबूत करने के लिए।

KOTHARI COMMISSION (1964-1966):- The commission was titled as Education and
National Development report. It is a very progressive report. It proposed a three year degree course and a four year honor degree course. Establishment course and a four year honours degree course. Establishment of Indian Education Service (IES)to improve the quality of India higher education with emphasis on quality teaching faculties to vocationalize secondary education was recommended. It recommended the 6% of the national income should be spent on education.
कोथरी कमिशन (1 964-19 66): आयोग का शिक्षण और शीर्षक था

राष्ट्रीय विकास रिपोर्ट यह एक बहुत प्रगतिशील रिपोर्ट है यह तीन साल की डिग्री कोर्स और चार साल का सम्मान डिग्री कोर्स पेश करता है। स्थापना पाठ्यक्रम और चार साल का सम्मान डिग्री पाठ्यक्रम। भारतीय शिक्षा सेवा (आईईएस) की स्थापना के लिए उच्च शिक्षा के साथ गुणवत्ता शिक्षण संकायों पर जोर देने के माध्यम से माध्यमिक शिक्षा के लिए व्यावसायिक शिक्षा की सिफारिश की गई थी। यह सिफारिश की कि राष्ट्रीय आय का 6% शिक्षा पर खर्च किया जाना चाहिए।

EDUCATION SUBJECT IN CONCURRENT LIST (1976):- India has a federal setup and
education is the concurrent responsibility of both the centre as well of states. Post
independence, education (including university education) was the responsibility of the states, while the centre was given the function of coordination and determination of standards.
However, in 1976, through Entry 25 (42nd list of the constitutional Amendment) in the
concurrent list of the responsibility along with the states for all levels of education.
कंसल्टेंट लिस्ट (1 9 76) में शिक्षा विषय: भारत में एक संघीय स्थापना है और
शिक्षा दोनों केंद्रों और राज्यों की समवर्ती जिम्मेदारी है। पद
स्वतंत्रता, शिक्षा (विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा सहित) राज्यों की जिम्मेदारी थी, जबकि केंद्र को समन्वय और मानकों के निर्धारण का कार्य दिया गया था।
हालांकि, 1 9 76 में, एंट्री 25 (संवैधानिक संशोधन की 42 वीं सूची) के माध्यम से

शिक्षा के सभी स्तरों के लिए राज्यों के साथ जिम्मेदारी की समवर्ती सूची

SAM PITRAODA COMMITTEEE (1917):- It was set up in 2007. It is also popularly
known as national knowledge commission (NKC). It recommended restructuring of curricula to meet the demand for multidisciplinary professionals and criteria based resource allocation to ensure maintenance of standards and strategic preferences to promote excellence in higher education.
सैम पिटराडो कमेटीई (1 9 17): - इसे 2007 में स्थापित किया गया था। यह भी लोकप्रिय है

राष्ट्रीय ज्ञान आयोग (एनकेसी) के रूप में जाना जाता है उच्च शिक्षा में उत्कृष्टता को बढ़ावा देने के लिए मानकों और रणनीतिक प्राथमिकताओं के रखरखाव सुनिश्चित करने के लिए बहुआयामी पेशेवरों और मापदंड आधारित संसाधन आवंटन की मांग को पूरा करने के लिए पाठ्यक्रम की पुनर्गठन की सिफारिश की गई।

YASHPAL COMMITTEE:- It suggested scrapping of all higher education, regulatory or
monitoring bodies and creation of a super regulator, that is a seven member commission for higher education and Research (CHER). State Higher Education councils would form the second tier of the system.
It also recommended that the deemed university statues be abandoned and that all
deserving deemed varsities be either converted into full fledged universities or scrapped. The committee stressed the need for more attention to undergraduate gropgrammes and a multidisciplinary approach to learning. Yashpal Committee also strongly recommended reducing the burden of affiliation of colleges on the universities and a GRE like test be evolved for university education.

It's the most commonly required admission test for grad school. ... Much like the SAT and ACT, the GRE exam is a broad assessment of your critical thinking, analytical writing, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning skills — all skills developed over the course of many years.

यशपाल समिति: - यह सभी उच्च शिक्षा, नियामक या रद्द करने का सुझाव दिया है
निगरानी निकायों और एक सुपर नियामक के निर्माण, जो उच्च शिक्षा और अनुसंधान (सीएआर) के लिए सात सदस्यीय कमीशन है। राज्य उच्च शिक्षा परिषद प्रणाली के दूसरे चरण के रूप में होगा।
यह भी अनुशंसा की जाती है कि माना जाता विश्वविद्यालय की मूर्तियों को त्याग दिया गया और वह सभी

योग्य समझा विश्वविद्यालयों को पूर्ण विश्वविद्यालयों में परिवर्तित कर दिया जाएगा या रद्द कर दिया जाएगा। समिति ने स्नातक ग्रोपरग्राम और शिक्षा के लिए एक बहुआयामी दृष्टिकोण पर अधिक ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता पर बल दिया। यशपाल समिति ने भी विश्वविद्यालयों में कॉलेजों की संबद्धता के बोझ को कम करने की सिफारिश की और यूनिवर्सिटी की शिक्षा के लिए एक जीआरई परीक्षा भी विकसित की गई।

SHARMA COMMITTEE:- Set up under Prof MM Sharma, it deliberated upon the
development of science and technology education in India. The committee suggested
establishment of India Institute of Science, Education, and Research (IISER). It also
recommended expansion of technical education, assuring quality and providing access and affordability for technical education.
शर्मा समिति: - प्रो। एम। एम। शर्मा के तहत स्थापित, इस पर विचार-विमर्श किया गया
भारत में विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी शिक्षा का विकास समिति ने सुझाव दिया
भारत इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ साइंस, एजुकेशन, और रिसर्च (आईआईएसईआर) की स्थापना। यह भी

तकनीकी शिक्षा के लिए सिफारिश की गई विस्तार, गुणवत्ता का आश्वासन और तकनीकी शिक्षा के लिए पहुंच और सामर्थ्य सामर्थ्य प्रदान करना।

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

While the centre coordinates and determines the standards in higher and technical
education, school education is primarily the responsibility of the state. The key policy making agencies for higher education are as follows.
भारत में उच्च शिक्षा के विनियामक रूपरेखा
जबकि केंद्र उच्च और तकनीकी में मानकों का समन्वय करता है और निर्धारित करता है
शिक्षा, स्कूल शिक्षा मुख्य रूप से राज्य की जिम्मेदारी है। उच्च शिक्षा के लिए मुख्य नीति बनाने वाली एजेंसियां इस प्रकार हैं:

1. Central government:- It lays down the national Policy on Education. It provides
grants of the UGC and establishes central Universities/Institution of national
importance in the country. It is also responsible for declaring an educational on the
recommendation of the UGC.
1. केंद्र सरकार: - यह शिक्षा पर राष्ट्रीय नीति को बताती है। यह प्रावधान
यूजीसी की अनुदान और केन्द्रीय विश्वविद्यालयों / राष्ट्रीय संस्थान स्थापित करता है
देश में महत्व यह भी एक शैक्षिक घोषित करने के लिए जिम्मेदार है
यूजीसी की सिफारिश

2. State government:- many states have also set up councils and advisory boards to
provide guidelines for proper functioning of higher education institution in the states.
State councils for higher education coordinates the roles of government universities,
and apex regulatory agencies in higher education within the state.
2. राज्य सरकार: - कई राज्यों ने भी परिषदों और सलाहकार बोर्डों की स्थापना की है
राज्यों में उच्च शिक्षा संस्थान के समुचित कामकाज के लिए दिशा निर्देश प्रदान करते हैं।
उच्च शिक्षा के लिए राज्य परिषद सरकारी विश्वविद्यालयों की भूमिकाओं का समन्वय करती है,

और राज्य के भीतर उच्च शिक्षा में सर्वोच्च नियामक एजेंसियां हैं।

3. Central advisory board of education (CABE) was set up for coordination and
cooperation between the union and the states in the field of education including policy making.
3. समन्वयन के लिए केंद्रीय सलाहकार बोर्ड (सीएबीई) की स्थापना की गई थी

नीति बनाने सहित शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में संघ और राज्यों के बीच सहयोग

APEX LEVEL BODIES :- There are eight Apex Level Bodies (Regulatory Bodies/Research Councils) under the Department of Higher Education, which are responsible for higher education in India. These bodies can be broadly divided into two categories
(i) Regulatory Bodies and
(ii) Research Councils.
ऊपरी स्तर निकायों: - उच्च शिक्षा विभाग के तहत आठ शीर्ष स्तर निकाय (नियामक निकायों / अनुसंधान परिषद) हैं, जो भारत में उच्च शिक्षा के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। इन निकायों को मोटे तौर पर दो श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है
(i) विनियामक निकायों और

(ii) रिसर्च काउंसिल

REGULATORY BODIES:- There are three regulatory Bodies-
University Grants commission,
all India council for technical Education,
and council of Architecture – to regulate higher education in India.
विनियामक निकाय: - तीन नियामक संस्थाएं हैं-
विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग,
तकनीकी शिक्षा के लिए अखिल भारतीय परिषद,

और वास्तुकला परिषद - भारत में उच्च शिक्षा को विनियमित करने के लिए।

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION:-
UGC governs universities in India and came into existence on 28 December 1953. It
became a statutory organization established by an act of Parliament in 1956.

1. According to section 12 of UGC Act, the main function of UGC is coordination,
determination and maintenance of standards in universities

2. It also disburses funds within the university education system. Most importantly, it
only acts as are commendatory body since it does not have any power to establish ro
derecognize any university.

3. UGC consists of the chairman, vice chairman, and 10 other re-members appointed by the central government. Secretary is the Executive Head. It functional from New
Delhi as well as its six regional offices located in Bangalore, Bhopal, Guwahati,
Hyderabad, Kolkata and Pune.

विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग:-
यूजीसी भारत में विश्वविद्यालयों को नियंत्रित करता है और 28 दिसंबर 1 9 53 को अस्तित्व में आया
1 9 56 में संसद के एक अधिनियम द्वारा स्थापित एक सांविधिक संगठन बन गया।

1. यूजीसी अधिनियम की धारा 12 के अनुसार, यूजीसी का मुख्य कार्य समन्वय है,
विश्वविद्यालयों में मानकों का निर्धारण और रखरखाव

2. यह विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा प्रणाली के भीतर धनराशि भी वितरित करता है। सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बात, यह
केवल सराहनीय शरीर के रूप में कार्य करता है क्योंकि इसमें आरओ स्थापित करने की कोई शक्ति नहीं है
किसी भी विश्वविद्यालय को मान्यता नहीं देना

3. यूजीसी में अध्यक्ष, उपाध्यक्ष और केंद्र सरकार द्वारा नियुक्त 10 अन्य सदस्य हैं। सचिव कार्यकारी प्रमुख हैं यह नई से कार्यात्मक
दिल्ली और साथ ही इसके छह क्षेत्रीय कार्यालय बैंगलोर, भोपाल, गुवाहाटी,

हैदराबाद, कोलकाता और पुणे

UGC Regional Offices

Objectives

Pursuance to the National Policy on Education (1986), the UGC de-centralised its working by opening seven regional offices catering to the states under it. The objectives of setting up these offices were to bring about de-centralisation and to ensure that a large number of colleges through out the country, which are covered under Section 2(f) and 12(B) of the UGC Act, will have better opportunites of response to their needs and problems by way of easier access.

Schemes

The following schemes are being implemented by the regional offices

Development of Colleges affiliated to State Universities

Minor Research Projects for College teachers

Autonomous Colleges

Seminar/Symposia/Conference etc. for colleges

Construction of Women's Hostel (Special scheme)

Award of Teacher Fellowship to College Teachers for doing M.Phil/Ph.D.

Financial assistance to Teachers - Visually Handicapped (Blind)

The details of the regional office viz. the States assigned to each regional office are given below :

Southern Eastern Regional Office (SERO)

Location: Hyderabad
Date of Establishment: 20.09.1994
Total number of Colleges: 668
States Covered: Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry, Andman & Nicobar and Tamil Nadu
Western Regional Office (WRO)

Location: Pune
Date of Establishment: 11.11.1994
Total number of Colleges: 996
States Covered: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Goa, Dadar & Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu
Central Regional Office (CRO)

Location: Bhopal
Date of Establishment: 01.12.1994
Total number of Colleges: 791
States Covered:Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
Northern Regional College Bureua (NRCB)

Location: Delhi
Total number of Colleges: 922
States Covered: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
North-Eastern Regional Office (NERO)

Location: Guwahati
Date of Establishment: 01.04.1995
Total number of Colleges: 253
States Covered: Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland
Eastern Regional Office (ERO)

Location: Kolkata
Date of Establishment: 03.09.1996
Total number of Colleges: 1009
States Covered: West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Sikkim
South-Western Regional Office (SWRO)

Location: Bangalore
Date of Establishment: 25.04.1999
Total number of Colleges: 714
States Covered: Kerala, Karnataka and Lakshadweep

4. UGC also implements various schemes aimed at improving the quality of higher
education like Universities with Potential for Excellence (UPE), colleges with
Potential for Excellence (CPE) centre with potential for excellence and a particular
Area (CPEPA) special assistance Programme (SAP) Basic scientific research (BSR),
etc.

5. Dr C.D Deshmukh was the first chairman of UGC.

4. उच्च स्तर की गुणवत्ता में सुधार लाने के उद्देश्य से यूजीसी विभिन्न योजनाओं का भी कार्यान्वयन करती है
शिक्षा जैसे उत्कृष्टता के लिए विश्वविद्यालयों (यूपीई), महाविद्यालयों के साथ
उत्कृष्टता और एक विशेष के लिए क्षमता के साथ उत्कृष्टता (सीपीई) केंद्र के लिए संभावित
क्षेत्र (सीपीईपीए) विशेष सहायता कार्यक्रम (एसएपी) बेसिक वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान (बीएसआर),
आदि।

5. डॉ सी.डी. देशमुख यूजीसी के पहले अध्यक्ष थे।

CATEGORIZATION OF UNIVERSITIES: -
Universities can be set up only through legislation or the deemed route. At present the main constituents of universities of university level institutions are listed below.

At present, the main categories of University/University-level Institutions are :- Central Universities, State Universities, Deemed-to-be Universities and University-level institutions. These are described as follows:
यूनिवर्सिटी का वर्गीकरण: -
विश्वविद्यालयों को केवल कानून या समझाया मार्ग द्वारा स्थापित किया जा सकता है। वर्तमान में विश्वविद्यालय स्तर के संस्थानों के विश्वविद्यालयों के मुख्य घटक नीचे सूचीबद्ध हैं।

वर्तमान में, विश्वविद्यालय / विश्वविद्यालय स्तर के संस्थानों की मुख्य श्रेणियां इस प्रकार हैं: - केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय, राज्य विश्वविद्यालय, समकक्ष विश्वविद्यालय और विश्वविद्यालय स्तर के संस्थान। इन्हें निम्नानुसार वर्णित किया गया है:

Central University:

A university established or incorporated by a Central Act.

State University:

A university established or incorporated by a Provincial Act or by a State Act.

Private University:

A university established through a State/Central Act by a sponsoring body viz. A Society registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, or any other corresponding law for the time being in force in a State or a Public Trust or a Company registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.

Deemed-to-be University:

An Institution Deemed to be University, commonly known as Deemed University, refers to a high-performing institution, which has been so declared by Central Government under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956.

Institution of National Importance:

An Institution established by Act of Parliament and declared as Institution of National Importance.

Institution under State Legislature Act:

An Institution established or incorporated by a State Legislature Act.

केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय:
एक केंद्रीय अधिनियम द्वारा स्थापित या शामिल एक विश्वविद्यालय
राज्य विश्वविद्यालय:
एक विश्वविद्यालय स्थापित या एक प्रांतीय अधिनियम या राज्य अधिनियम द्वारा शामिल किया गया।
निजी विश्वविद्यालय:
एक प्रायोजित संस्था द्वारा एक राज्य / केंद्रीय अधिनियम के माध्यम से स्थापित एक विश्वविद्यालय अर्थात सोसायटी पंजीकरण अधिनियम 1860 के तहत पंजीकृत एक सोसायटी, या किसी राज्य या किसी सार्वजनिक ट्रस्ट या कंपनी अधिनियम, 1 9 56 की धारा 25 के तहत पंजीकृत कंपनी में लागू होने वाले किसी भी अन्य कानून के अनुसार।
डीम्ड-टू-हो विश्वविद्यालय:
एक संस्थान जिसे डीम्ड यूनिवर्सिटी के नाम से जाना जाता है, एक संस्थान उच्च विद्यालय का उल्लेख करता है, जिसे केंद्र सरकार द्वारा विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग (यूजीसी) अधिनियम, 1 9 56 की धारा 3 के तहत घोषित किया गया है।
राष्ट्रीय महत्व की संस्था:
संसद के अधिनियम द्वारा स्थापित संस्था और राष्ट्रीय महत्व की संस्था के रूप में घोषित
राज्य विधान मंडल अधिनियम के तहत संस्था:

एक राज्य विधानमंडल अधिनियम द्वारा स्थापित या शामिल संस्था।

Universities Number
Total No. of Universities in the Country as on 29.06.2017Universities Total No.
State Universities 365
Deemed to be Universities 122
Central Universities 47
Private Universities 269
Total 803

Central Universities 47 State wise List of Central Universities Click Here

State Universities 363 UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION List of State Universities as on 29.06.2017 Click here
The list includes a serial numbering which goes up to 365. However, Karnataka Folklore University is listed twice, once by that name (#138) and once as "Karnataka Janapada Vishwavidyalaya" (#129). The list of state universities in Karnataka corrects this and lists it only once. In addition, the list includes "Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University" (#232), which never admitted students and was shut down in 2015
List of State Universities which are included under Section 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956 and are eligible to receive Central assistance (As on 23.09.2016) Click Here
सूची में सीरियल नंबरिंग शामिल है जो 365 तक चला जाता है। हालांकि, कर्नाटक लोक विद्यालय विश्वविद्यालय दो बार, उस नाम (# 138) और एक बार "कर्नाटक जनपद विश्वविद्यालय" (# 12 9) के रूप में सूचीबद्ध है। कर्नाटक में राज्य विश्वविद्यालयों की सूची इसको सही करती है और इसे केवल एक बार सूचीबद्ध करती है इसके अलावा, सूची में "डॉ। भीमराव अम्बेडकर लॉ यूनिवर्सिटी" (# 232) शामिल है, जो कभी भी छात्रों को भर्ती नहीं करती थी और 2015 में बंद थीं

राज्य विश्वविद्यालयों की सूची जो यूजीसी अधिनियम, 1 9 56 की धारा 12 (बी) के तहत शामिल हैं और केंद्रीय सहायता प्राप्त करने के पात्र हैं (23.09.2016) Click Here

Deemed Universities 125 As of 9 February 2017, the UGC lists 122 deemed universities Click here for list

The UGC list included SHIATS, but as per U.P. State Act No. 35 of 2016, it has been upgraded into a state university. Hence, the actual number of deemed universities is 121

Deemed University

An Institution of Higher Education, other than universities, working at a very high standard in specific area of study, can be declared by the Central Governmentt on the advice of the UGC as an Institution ‘Deemed-to-be-university’. Institutions that are ‘deemed-to-be-university’ enjoy academic status and privileges of a university.

These ‘Deemed-to-be-University’ Institutions have expanded the base of higher education in the country and are offering education and research facilities in various disciplines such as Medical Education, Physical Education, Fisheries Education, Languages, Social Sciences, Population Sciences, Dairy Research, Forest Research, Armament Technology, Maritime Education, Yoga, Music and Information Technology, etc.

डीम्ड विश्वविद्यालय

यूनिवर्सिटी के अलावा उच्च शिक्षा संस्थान, अध्ययन के विशिष्ट क्षेत्र में बहुत उच्च मानक पर काम करना, केन्द्रीय सरकार द्वारा यूजीसी की एक संस्था 'डीम्ड-टू-बि-यूनिवर्सिटी' के रूप में घोषित किया जा सकता है। संस्थानों को 'समझा जाता है कि विश्वविद्यालय होना' शैक्षणिक स्थिति और विश्वविद्यालय के विशेषाधिकारों का आनंद लेती है।

ये 'डीम्ड टू टू-यूनिवर्सिटी' संस्थानों ने देश में उच्च शिक्षा के आधार का विस्तार किया है और विभिन्न विषयों में शिक्षा और अनुसंधान सुविधाओं जैसे चिकित्सा शिक्षा, शारीरिक शिक्षा, मत्स्य शिक्षा, भाषा, सामाजिक विज्ञान, जनसंख्या विज्ञान, डेयरी अनुसंधान, वन अनुसंधान, आर्ममेंट टेक्नोलॉजी, समुद्री शिक्षा, योग, संगीत और सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी आदि।

Note: - All the Deemed Universities can award degrees for courses which are offered at the time of conferment of the status of them and courses allied to the approved courses The Deemed Universities can also award degrees for conventional/ general degree programmes leading to B.A/ B.Com/ B.Sc or M.A. M.Sc.

सभी डीम्ड यूनिवर्सिटी उन पाठ्यक्रमों के लिए डिग्री प्रदान कर सकते हैं, जो उन की स्थिति के प्रत्यायोजन के समय प्रदान किए जाते हैं और अनुमोदित पाठ्यक्रमों के लिए संबद्ध पाठ्यक्रम, डीम्ड यूनिवर्सिटी पारंपरिक / सामान्य डिग्री कार्यक्रमों के लिए बीए / बीकॉम / बीएससी या एमएएमएससी

Private Universities 269
Private Universities are approved by the UGC. They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off-campus affiliated colleges. The UGC list of private universities as on 29 June 2017 lists 269 private universities
निजी विश्वविद्यालयों को यूजीसी द्वारा अनुमोदित किया गया है। वे डिग्री दे सकते हैं लेकिन उन्हें ऑफ-कैम्पस संबद्ध कॉलेजों की अनुमति नहीं है। 29 जून 2017 तक यूजीसी निजी विश्वविद्यालयों की सूची 26 9 निजी विश्वविद्यालयों में सूचीबद्ध है

These four types of universities total 800 universities together.

These four types of universities total 800 universities together. There are universities of some kind in each of the 29 states of India as well as three of the union territories: Chandigarh, Delhi and Puducherry.
The state with the most universities is Rajasthan with 74 universities. Tamil Nadu is the state with the most deemed universities, numbering 28. Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh have the most state universities, 28 each.
Rajasthan has by far the most private universities, 44 in number.
Uttar Pradesh has six central universities and Delhi has five Central Universities, the largest number of all the states and territories.
इन चार प्रकार के विश्वविद्यालयों में कुल मिलाकर 800 विश्वविद्यालय हैं। भारत के 2 9 राज्यों में से प्रत्येक के साथ-साथ तीन केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों में से कुछ प्रकार के विश्वविद्यालय हैं: चंडीगढ़, दिल्ली और पुडुचेरी।
सबसे अधिक विश्वविद्यालयों के साथ राज्य में 74 विश्वविद्यालय हैं तमिलनाडु सबसे प्रतिष्ठित विश्वविद्यालय हैं, जिनकी संख्या 28 है। गुजरात और उत्तर प्रदेश में सबसे राज्य विश्वविद्यालय हैं, जिनमें 28 छात्र हैं।
राजस्थान में सबसे ज्यादा निजी विश्वविद्यालय हैं, 44 संख्या में।

उत्तर प्रदेश में छह केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय हैं और दिल्ली में पांच केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय हैं, सभी राज्यों और क्षेत्रों की सबसे बड़ी संख्या है।

Universities by state and type

State	Central universities	State universities	Deemed universities	Private universities	Total
Andhra Pradesh	0	20	5	0	25
Arunachal Pradesh	1	0	1	7	9
Assam	2	12	0	5	19
Bihar	3	15	1	0	19
Chandigarh	0	1	1	0	2
Chhattisgarh	1	13	0	9	23
Delhi	5	7	10	0	22
Goa	0	1	0	0	1
Gujarat	1	28	2	30	61
Haryana	1	14	6	20	41
Himachal Pradesh	1	4	0	17	22
Jammu and Kashmir	2	9	1	0	12
Jharkhand	1	8	1	7	17
Karnataka	1	25	14	13	53
Kerala	1	13	2	0	16
Madhya Pradesh	2	22	1	24	49
Maharashtra	1	21	21	6	49
Manipur	2	0	0	1	3
Meghalaya	1	0	0	8	9
Mizoram	1	0	0	1	2
Nagaland	1	0	0	3	4
Odisha	1	16	2	4	23
Puducherry	1	0	1	0	2
Punjab	1	9	2	15	27
Rajasthan	1	21	8	44	74
Sikkim	1	0	0	5	6
Tamil Nadu	2	22	28	0	52
Telangana	3	16	2	0	21
Tripura	1	1	0	1	3
Uttar Pradesh	6	28	8	29	71
Uttarakhand	1	11	3	11	26
West Bengal	1	26	1	9	37
Total	47	363	121	269	800

This list is current as of 29th June 2017

CENTRAL UNIVERSITIES:-
A central university or a union university in India is established by act of parliament
and are under the purview of the Department of Higher education in the Union Human
Resource Development Ministry. In general universities in India are recognized by UGC, which draws its power from the University Grants commission act, 1956.
भारत में एक केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय या यूनियन विश्वविद्यालय संसद के कार्य द्वारा स्थापित किया गया है
और केंद्रीय मानव में उच्च शिक्षा विभाग के दायरे में हैं

संसाधन विकास मंत्रालय भारत में सामान्य विश्वविद्यालयों में यूजीसी द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त है, जो विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग अधिनियम, 1 9 56 से अपनी शक्ति खींचती है।

1. There are 46 central universities under the purviews of MHRD. Out of them, 16 new
central universities were established in 2009 by an act of Parliament namely central
universities Act 2009.
2. IGNOU, New Delhi is funded directly by the MHRD.
3. President of India is the Visitor of all central universities. In that capacity, he nominates some members to important committees of the university for their effective functioning.
1. मानव संसाधन विकास मंत्रालय के दायरे में 46 केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय हैं। उनमें से 16 नए
केन्द्रीय विश्वविद्यालयों को संसद के एक अधिनियम द्वारा 200 9 में केंद्रीय रूप से स्थापित किया गया था
विश्वविद्यालय अधिनियम 200 9
2. इग्नू, नई दिल्ली को सीधे एमएचआरडी द्वारा वित्त पोषित किया जाता है।

3. भारत के राष्ट्रपति सभी केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालयों के आगंतुक हैं उस क्षमता में, वे कुछ सदस्यों को उनके प्रभावी कार्य के लिए विश्वविद्यालय की महत्वपूर्ण समितियों को नामांकित करते हैं।

He also exercises power in various legal matter and relevant amendments.
The state UT wise list of central universities is given below.
Arunachal Pradesh (1)
1. Rajiv Gandhi University Itranagar (2007- formerly Aruncachal University)
Assan (2)
2. Assam University, Silchar (1994)
3. Tezpur University Tezpur (1994)
Bihar (3)
4. Central university of south Bihar, Patna (established 2014 territorial jurisdiction south of
river Ganges in Bihar)
5. Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Patna (established 2014 territorial jurisdiction north
of river Ganges in Bihar)
6. Nalanda University, Rajgir, Nalanda (2010- established under Central Act)
Chhattisgarh (1)
7. Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalay, Bilaspur (2009 converted from State University,
originally set up in 1983)
Gujarat (1)
8. Central University of Gujarat Gandhi Nagar (2009)
Haryana (1)
9. Central University of Haryana Mahendragarh (2009)
Himachal Pradesh (1)
10. Central of university of Kashmir, Srinagar (2009)
Jammu and Kashmir (2)
11. Central of University of Kashmir, Srinagar (2009)
12. Central university of Jammu, Jammu (2011)
Jharkhand (1)
13. Central University of Jharkhand Renchi (2009)
Karnataka (1)

14. Central university of Karnataka Gulbarga (2009)
Kerala (1)
15. Central University of Kerala, kasargod (2009)
Madhya Pradesh (2)
16. Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (2009 converted from state University to
central University originally set up in 1946)
17. India Gandhi national Tribal University, Amarkantak (2007)
Maharashtra (1)
18. Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya wardha (1997)
Manipur (2)
19. Central Agricultural University Imphal (1993)
20. Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal (2005)
Meghalaya (1)
21. North Eastern Hill University shilling and Tura (1973)
Mizoram (1)
22. Assam University, Silchar (1994)
Nagaland (1)
23. Nagaland University Kohima (1994)
Odisha (1)
24. Central University of Orissa, Koraput (2009)
Punjab (1)
25. Central university of Punjab Bathinda (2009)
Rajasthan (1)
26. Central university of Rajasthan Ajmer (2009)
Sikkim (1)
27. Sikkim University, Gangtok (1997- Dr M.S Swaminathan the father of Green Revolution
in India and first winner of world food Prize was the VC of Sikkim University)
Tamil Nadu (1)
28. Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur (2009)
Tamil Nadu (1)
29. Indian Maritime University Chennai (2008)
Telangana (3)
30. Hyderablad central university, Hderabad (1974)
31. Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli Hyderbad (1998)

32. The English and Foreign languages University, Hyderabad (2007)

Tripura (1)
33. Tripura University Agartala (2007)]
Uttar Pradesh (5)
34. Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh (Originally MAO College, was incorporated as a
central University by an Act of parliament in 1920)
35. University of Allahabad, Allahabad (set up in 1887 it is one of the oldest universities in
India)
36. Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow (1996)
37. Banaras Hindu University Varanashi (1916, is one of oldest and largest central
universities).
38. Rajive Gandhi National Aviation University, Raebareli (2014)
Uttarakhand (1)
39. Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Srinagar, (2009 converted from State
University to central university originally set up in 1973)
West Bengal (1)
40. Vishwa Bharati, shantiniketan (1951)
Nct of Delhi (5)
41. University of Delhi, Delhi (1922)
42. Indira Gandhi National open University, New Delhi (1985)
43. Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar new Delhi (1988)
44. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi (1969)
45. South Asian University, New Delhi (established under central Act, sponsored by the eight
Member states of the south Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The
eight countries are Afghanistan, Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives, Nepal Pakistan and

Sri Lanka)

Management of Higher Education
The Indian higher education system is one of the largest such systems in the World. It is estimated that during the X Five Year Plan period (2002-07), there will be a tremendous pressure of numbers on this system and a large number of additional students will be knocking at the doors of higher education institutions in the country.
There are also new challenges of management and regulation being faced by these institutions, which require serious attention, both at the institutions in the public sector and also those in the private sector now growing at a fast pace. As a result, the old structures of management established in pre-independent India and working during most of the twentieth century are now required to undergo drastic changes.

विश्व में भारतीय उच्च शिक्षा प्रणाली सबसे बड़ी प्रणालियों में से एक है। यह अनुमान लगाया गया है कि X पंचवर्षीय योजना अवधि (2002-07) के दौरान, इस प्रणाली पर संख्याओं का भारी दबाव होगा और बड़ी संख्या में अतिरिक्त छात्र देश में उच्च शिक्षा संस्थानों के दरवाजे पर दस्तक देंगे।

इन संस्थानों द्वारा प्रबंधन और विनियमन का सामना करने की नई चुनौतियां भी हैं, जिनके लिए सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र में संस्थानों और निजी क्षेत्र में भी तेजी से बढ़ रही है, दोनों को गंभीर ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है। नतीजतन, पूर्व-स्वतंत्र भारत में स्थापित प्रबंधन की पुरानी संरचनाएं और अधिकतर बीसवीं सदी के दौरान काम करने के लिए अब भारी परिवर्तन हो रहे हैं।

Besides, the demands of the society for equity and accommodation cannot be neglected any more.
इसके अलावा, इक्विटी और आवास के लिए समाज की मांगों को और अधिक उपेक्षित नहीं किया जा सकता है।

The new regime under WTO where competence is the cardinal principle of success in international operations has made it abundantly clear that the country should exploit its excellent potential in higher education and training facilities and prepare itself to export the Indian brand of education to foreign countries. Policy planning and evolving strategies for this task are somewhat new for the country. But, this is an opportunity which cannot be missed by India, as it offers interesting possibilities for strengthening of the nation’s talent and resourcefulness.

विश्व व्यापार संगठन के अंतर्गत नई व्यवस्था जहां क्षमता अंतरराष्ट्रीय परिचालनों में सफलता का मुख्य सिद्धांत है, यह बहुत स्पष्ट रूप से साफ कर चुका है कि देश को उच्च शिक्षा और प्रशिक्षण सुविधाओं में अपनी उत्कृष्ट क्षमता का फायदा उठाना चाहिए और विदेशों में शिक्षा के भारतीय ब्रांड को निर्यात करने के लिए खुद को तैयार करना चाहिए। इस कार्य के लिए नीति नियोजन और विकसित रणनीति कुछ देश के लिए कुछ नया है लेकिन, यह एक ऐसा अवसर है जिसे भारत द्वारा याद नहीं किया जा सकता, क्योंकि यह देश की प्रतिभा और कुशलता को मजबूत करने के लिए दिलचस्प संभावनाएं प्रदान करता है।
The following five sub-sections, cover important aspects of the deliberations, recommendations and action plans of UGC Golden Jubilee Seminars organized at different Universities in the country:
• Public/Private Partnership in Higher Education, at University of Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala;
• Governance of higher Education, at University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K;
• Access and Equity in Higher Education, at G.C.D .University, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh;
• Export of Higher Education, at J.N.V. University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan and
• Policy Planning for Higher Education under WTO and GATT regimes at North Bengal University, Darjeeling, West-Bengal.
• Economics of Higher Education, at N. E. Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya

देश के विभिन्न विश्वविद्यालयों में आयोजित यूजीसी स्वर्ण जयंती संगोष्ठी के विचार-विमर्श, सिफारिशों और कार्य योजनाओं के निम्नलिखित पांच उपखंडों में महत्वपूर्ण पहलुओं को कवर किया गया है:
• उच्च शिक्षा में सार्वजनिक / निजी भागीदारी, कालीकट विश्वविद्यालय, कोझिकोड, केरल;
• उच्च शिक्षा का शासन, जम्मू, जम्मू, जम्मू और कश्मीर विश्वविद्यालय में;
• जीसीडी में उच्च शिक्षा में प्रवेश और इक्विटी, विश्वविद्यालय, बिलासपुर, छत्तीसगढ़;
• जे एनवी में उच्च शिक्षा का निर्यात। विश्वविद्यालय, जोधपुर, राजस्थान और
• नॉर्थ बंगाल यूनिवर्सिटी, दार्जिलिंग, पश्चिम बंगाल में डब्ल्यूटीओ और जीएटीटी शासन के तहत उच्च शिक्षा के लिए नीति नियोजन।
• एन। ई। हिल विश्वविद्यालय, शिलांग, मेघालय में उच्च शिक्षा का अर्थशास्त्र

India has one of the largest Higher Education system in the world. There are a large number of Indian as well as foreign students who apply every year to Indian universities and colleges. For all those who wish to study in India, it is very important to get prior and correct information about the courses that you would like to undertake, the university you want to apply to and how to go about the application procedure. For an international student, it is also important to know the accommodation facilities, weather conditions, food habits and cost of living in the city in which he or she intends to study.

भारत दुनिया में सबसे बड़ी उच्च शिक्षा प्रणाली में से एक है। भारतीय और विदेशी छात्रों के लिए बड़ी संख्या में भारतीय और विश्वविद्यालय हैं जो हर साल भारतीय विश्वविद्यालयों और कॉलेजों में आवेदन करते हैं। जो सभी भारत में अध्ययन करना चाहते हैं, उन पाठ्यक्रमों के बारे में पूर्व और सही जानकारी प्राप्त करना बहुत जरूरी है, जिन्हें आप करना चाहते हैं, जिस विश्वविद्यालय में आप आवेदन करना चाहते हैं और आवेदन प्रक्रिया के बारे में कैसे जाना है एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय छात्र के लिए, आवास की सुविधा, मौसम की स्थिति, खाने की आदतों और शहर में रहने की लागत को जानने में भी महत्वपूर्ण है जिसमें वह अध्ययन करना चाहता है।

Central Government is responsible for major policy relating to higher education in the country. It provides grants to UGC and establishes central universities in the country. The Central Government is also responsible for declaration of Education Institutions as 'Deemed to be University' on the recommendation of the UGC.
देश में उच्च शिक्षा से संबंधित प्रमुख नीति के लिए केंद्र सरकार उत्तरदायी है। यह यूजीसी को अनुदान प्रदान करता है और देश में केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय स्थापित करता है। केन्द्रीय सरकार शिक्षा संस्थानों की घोषणा के लिए यूजीसी की सिफारिश पर 'विश्वविद्यालय होने का दावा' के रूप में भी जिम्मेदार है।

State Governments are responsible for establishment of State Universities and colleges, and provide plan grants for their development and non-plan grants for their maintenance.
राज्य सरकार राज्य विश्वविद्यालयों और कॉलेजों की स्थापना के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं, और अपने रखरखाव के लिए उनके विकास और गैर-योजना अनुदान के लिए योजना अनुदान प्रदान करते हैं।

The coordination and cooperation between the Union and the States is brought about in the field of education through the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE).

Special Constitutional responsibility of the Central Government: Education is on the 'Concurrent list' subject to Entry 66 in the Union List of the Constitution. This gives exclusive Legislative Power to the Central Govt. for co-ordination and determination of standards in Institutions of higher education or research and scientific and technical institutions.
केन्द्रीय शिक्षा सलाह बोर्ड (सीएबीई) के माध्यम से संघ और राज्यों के बीच समन्वय और सहयोग शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में लाया जाता है।

केंद्र सरकार की विशेष संवैधानिक जिम्मेदारीः संविधान की संघ सूची में प्रवेश 66 के अधीन शिक्षा 'समवर्ती सूची' पर है। इससे केंद्र सरकार को विशेष विधान शक्ति मिलती है। उच्च शिक्षा या अनुसंधान और वैज्ञानिक और तकनीकी संस्थानों के संस्थानों में मानकों के समन्वय और निर्धारण के लिए।

University Grants Commission (UGC) is responsible for coordination, determination and maintenance of standards, release of grants.

Professional councils are responsible for recognition of courses, promotion of professional institutions and providing grants to undergraduate programmes and various awards. The statutory professional councils are:

UGC, along with CSIR currently conducts NET for appointments of teachers in colleges and universities. It has made NET qualification mandatory for teaching at Graduation level and at Post Graduation level since July 2009. However, those with Ph.D are given five percent relaxation.

विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग (यूजीसी) मानकों के समन्वय, निर्धारण और रखरखाव, अनुदान जारी करने के लिए उत्तरदायी है।
व्यावसायिक परिषद पाठ्यक्रमों की मान्यता, पेशेवर संस्थानों को बढ़ावा देने और स्नातक कार्यक्रमों और विभिन्न पुरस्कारों के लिए अनुदान प्रदान करने के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। वैधानिक व्यावसायिक परिषद हैं:

यूजीसी, सीएसआईआर के साथ, वर्तमान में महाविद्यालयों और विश्वविद्यालयों में शिक्षकों की नियुक्ति के लिए एनईटी आयोजित करता है। इसने स्नातक स्तर पर और जुलाई, 200 9 के बाद स्नातकोत्तर स्तर पर शिक्षण के लिए अनिवार्य नेट योग्यता की है। हालांकि, पीएचडी वाले छात्रों को पांच प्रतिशत छूट दी जाती है।

Accreditation for higher learning over Universities under the aegis of University Grants Commission is overseen by following fifteen autonomous statutory institutions
विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग के तत्वावधान में विश्वविद्यालयों में उच्च शिक्षा के लिए प्रत्यायन 15 वीं स्वायत्त वैधानिक संस्थानों

All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
Distance Education Council (DEC)
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Bar Council of India (BCI)
Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College (BTESSC)
National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)
Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI)
Medical Council of India (MCI)
Pharmacy Council of India (PCI)
Indian Nursing Council (INC)
Dental Council of India (DCI)
Central Council of Homoeopathy (CCH)
Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM)
National Council for Rural Institutes (NCRI)
State Councils of Higher Education (SCHE)
Council of Architecture
Veterinary Council of India (VCI)

Advantages of Studying in India

India is fast becoming a major economic power in the world today. And if its growth trend continues for some more years, it would soon be playing a major role in the world economy along with China. This itself has been a major cause of attraction for many international students. Moreover, India's successful stint with democracy has also been a major magnetic force for scholars around the world. However, apart from knowing India well, there are some other advantages that are attracting students to study in India. Some of these are –

Low Cost:
The cost of education in India is quite low as compared to many other countries of the world.

Quality Education:
Government of India established statutory bodies to ensure quality of education in India. There are some educational institutes in India that provide world class education. Indian institute of technology, Indian institutes of management, Indian Institutes of Science, National Law Schools, Jawaharlal Nehru University and Delhi University are some such Institutes. The government of India is also speeding up the efforts to establish more such institutes that can offer quality education in India.

Consultation Service:
The government of India provides consultation service to the interested international students through Education Consultants of India (Ed.CIL). Thus one can get all the information about the Indian education system, cost of education, duration, visa, accommodation facilities even before landing up in India.

Unique Courses:
Apart from above mentioned advantages, one can also study some unique courses that were discovered and developed by the traditional knowledge system of India. Ayurveda, Sankrit, Yoga, Hindi are some such courses that enthuse many international sudents.

Structure of higher education in India

In the Indian system, higher education includes the education imparted after the 10+2 stage - ten years of primary and secondary education followed by two years of higher secondary education.
The first degree, the Bachelor's degrees, is obtained after three years study in the case of liberal arts, and four years in the case of most professional degrees (four and half in case of medicine and five/six years in case of law}.
The Master's program is usually of two years duration.
The research degrees (M.Phil and Ph.D) take variable time depending upon the individual student.

The postgraduate degree programs involve 2 years of study after first degree. These include M.Tech, MD, MS and MDS programs that take 2 years after B.Tech and MBBS/BDS respectively.

The M.Phil. program, is of one and-half year duration. It is a preparatory program for doctoral level studies.
PhD program is research study for 2 years and can take several years while D.Sc. and D.Litt. are awarded by some universities after PhD for original contributions.
भारत में उच्च शिक्षा की संरचना
भारतीय प्रणाली में, उच्च शिक्षा में 10 + 2 अवस्था के बाद दी गई शिक्षा भी शामिल है - प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक शिक्षा के दस वर्ष बाद दो साल की उच्च माध्यमिक शिक्षा
पहली डिग्री, बैचलर डिग्री, उदार कला के मामले में तीन साल के अध्ययन के बाद प्राप्त की जाती है, और अधिक पेशेवर डिग्री के मामले में चार वर्ष (दवा के मामले में चार और आधे और कानून के मामले में पांच / छह साल)।
मास्टर कार्यक्रम आमतौर पर दो साल की अवधि का होता है
शोध डिग्री (एम.फिल और पीएचडी) व्यक्तिगत छात्र के आधार पर चर समय लेते हैं।
स्नातकोत्तर डिग्री कार्यक्रमों में पहली डिग्री के बाद 2 साल का अध्ययन शामिल है। इनमें एम। टेक, एमडी, एमएस और एमडीएस कार्यक्रम शामिल हैं जो क्रमशः बीटेक और एमबीबीएस / बीडीएस के 2 साल बाद लेते हैं।
एम। फिल। कार्यक्रम, एक और डेढ़ साल की अवधि का है। यह डॉक्टरेट स्तर के अध्ययन के लिए एक प्रारंभिक कार्यक्रम है।

पीएचडी कार्यक्रम 2 साल के लिए अनुसंधान अध्ययन है और कई सालों तक ले सकता है, जबकि डी.एससी। और डी। लिट मूल अंशदान के लिए पीएचडी के बाद कुछ विश्वविद्यालयों द्वारा सम्मानित किया जाता है।

In addition to the degree programs, a number of diploma and certificate programs are also available in universities. Their range is wide and they cover anything from poetics to computers. Some of them are undergraduate diploma programs and others postgraduate programs. The duration varies from one year to three years.

Universities, deemed universities and institutions of national importance are largely autonomous institutions entitled by law to design, develop and offer programs which they consider relevant and appropriate for the national needs. Colleges and other institutes in turn, are expected to be regulated by the Universities with which they are affiliated or associated. Given the wide reach and variety of institutions and programs of higher education, a number of professional, regulatory bodies and councils have been established to ensure proper development of higher education in the country in a coordinated manner.
डिग्री कार्यक्रमों के अतिरिक्त, विश्वविद्यालयों में कई डिप्लोमा और प्रमाण पत्र कार्यक्रम भी उपलब्ध हैं। उनकी सीमा चौड़ी है और वे कविताओं से कंप्यूटर तक कुछ भी कवर करते हैं। उनमें से कुछ स्नातक डिप्लोमा कार्यक्रम और अन्य स्नातकोत्तर कार्यक्रम हैं। अवधि एक वर्ष से तीन साल तक होती है।

विश्वविद्यालयों, मानी गई विश्वविद्यालयों और राष्ट्रीय महत्व के संस्थान काफी हद तक स्वायत्त संस्थान हैं जो राष्ट्रीय आवश्यकताओं के लिए प्रासंगिक और उपयुक्त मानी जा रहे कार्यक्रमों के डिजाइन, विकास और प्रस्ताव पेश करने के लिए कानून द्वारा हकदार होते हैं। कॉलेजों और अन्य संस्थानों के बदले में उन विश्वविद्यालयों द्वारा विनियमित होने की उम्मीद है जिनके साथ वे संबद्ध या संबद्ध हैं। उच्च शिक्षा के विभिन्न संस्थानों और कार्यक्रमों की व्यापक पहुंच और विविधताओं को देखते हुए, एक समन्वित तरीके से देश में उच्च शिक्षा के उचित विकास को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कई व्यावसायिक, नियामक निकायों और परिषद स्थापित किए गए हैं।

Technical Education Overview

Technical Education plays a vital role in human resource development of the country by creating skilled manpower, enhancing industrial productivity and improving the quality of life. Technical Education covers courses and programmes in engineering, technology, management, architecture, town planning, pharmacy and applied arts & crafts, hotel management and catering technology.

The technical education system in the country can be broadly classified into three categories – Central Government funded institutions, State Government/State-funded institutions & Self-financed institutions.
तकनीकी शिक्षा का अवलोकन
कुशल जनशक्ति बनाने, औद्योगिक उत्पादकता बढ़ाने और जीवन की गुणवत्ता में सुधार करके तकनीकी शिक्षा देश के मानव संसाधन विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। तकनीकी शिक्षा इंजीनियरिंग, प्रौद्योगिकी, प्रबंधन, आर्किटेक्चर, टाउन प्लानिंग, फार्मेसी और एप्लाइड कला और शिल्प, होटल प्रबंधन और खानपान तकनीक में कोर्स और प्रोग्राम को कवर करती है।

देश में तकनीकी शिक्षा प्रणाली को मोटे तौर पर तीन श्रेणियों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है - केंद्र सरकार के वित्त पोषित संस्थान, राज्य सरकार / राज्य-वित्त पोषित संस्थान और स्व-वित्त संस्थान

The 65 Centrally funded institution of technical and science education are as under:
• IITs – 15
• IIMs – 7
• IISc, Bangalore – 1
• IISERs – 5
• NITs – 20
• IIITs – 4
• NITTTRs – 4
• Others (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, NITIE & NIFFT, CIT) – 9
• Total - 65
Besides the above, there are four Boards of Apprenticeship Training (BOATs).

MHRD Funded Technical Institutions ( Latest )

The technical education system in the country can be broadly classified into three categories – Central Government funded institutions, State Government/State-funded institutions & Self-financed institutions. The Centrally funded institution of technical and science education are as under:
देश में तकनीकी शिक्षा प्रणाली को मोटे तौर पर तीन श्रेणियों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है - केंद्र सरकार के वित्त पोषित संस्थान, राज्य सरकार / राज्य-वित्त पोषित संस्थान और स्व-वित्त संस्थान तकनीकी और विज्ञान शिक्षा का केन्द्रित वित्त पोषित संस्थान निम्नानुसार है:

Indian Institute of Technology (IITs)	16
Indian Institute of Management (IIMs)	13
Indian Institute of Science (IISc)	1
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISERs)	5
National Institute of Technology (NITs)	31
Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management (IIITMs)	4
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research (NITTTRs)	4
Others (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, NITIE & NIFFT, CIT)	9
Total	82

Besides the above, there are four Boards of Apprenticeship Training (BOATs).

Last Updated by admin on Wed, 04/12/2017

The Central Government is also implementing the following schemes/programmes: -

(i) Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP) assisted by the World Bank.

(ii) Indian National Digital Library for Science & Technology (INDEST).

There is one Public Sector Undertaking, namely, Educational Consultants India Ltd. (Ed.CIL) under the Ministry. There are also Apex Councils, namely the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and Council of Architecture (COA).

केंद्र सरकार निम्नलिखित योजनाओं / कार्यक्रमों को भी लागू कर रही है: -
(i) विश्व बैंक द्वारा सहायता के लिए तकनीकी शिक्षा गुणवत्ता सुधार कार्यक्रम (टीईक्यूआईपी)।
(ii) विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी इंडियन नेशनल डिजिटल लाइब्रेरी (इंडेस्ट)।

मंत्रालय के तहत एक सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की उपक्रम है, अर्थात् शैक्षिक कंसल्टेंट्स इंडिया लिमिटेड (एडीसीआईएल)। एपेक्स काउंसिल भी हैं, अर्थात् अखिल भारतीय तकनीकी शिक्षा परिषद (एआईसीटीई) और आर्किटेक्चर काउंसिल (सीओए)।

Living in India

Living in India is very inexpensive. Most international students have a very comfortable and safe living experience for as low as US $ 150 per month. Like in any society, India offeres many cost options. There are 7 star, deluxe, newly built condominium complexes that cost a bundle and then there are safe, decent apartments in better neighbourhoods that rent for a reasonable amount. You can choose your option depending on your budget and your desired lifestyle.

Many of the colleges have a hostel or dormitory facility for their students. Most of these hostels are intended for Indian students who are on a budget and looking for economical housing. While they offer safe and comfortable living quarters, they may impose several restrictions on the lifestyles that some international students may be accustomed to. This option is recommended for those international students on a budget, and who are willing to sacrifice a bit on their lifestyle.

Students have the option of renting housing on their own. Students can rent an apartment on their own or share an apartment with other students.

Climate of India

The climate of India defies easy generalisation, comprising a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography.

India's unique geography and geology strongly influence its climate; this is particularly true of the Himalayas in the north and the Thar Desert in the northwest. The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus, North India is kept warm or only mildly cold during winter; in summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot. Although the Tropic of Cancer—the boundary between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the whole country is considered to be tropical.

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four official seasons

Winter, occurring from December to early April. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) in mainland India's southeast.

Summer or pre-monsoon season, lasting from April to June (April to July in northwestern India). In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April; for northern regions, May is the hottest month. Temperatures average around 32–40 °C (90–104 °F) in most of the interior.

Monsoon or rainy season, lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more precipitation.

Post-monsoon season, lasting from October to December. In northwestern India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamilnadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season. The Himalayan states, being more temperate, experience an additional two seasons: autumn and spring. Traditionally, Indians note six seasons, each about two months long. These are the spring, summer, monsoon season, early autumn, late autumn, and winter. These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient Hindu calendar also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months.

Languages in India

Language being the most important medium of communication and education, their development occupies and important place in the National Policy on Education and Programme of Action. Therefore, promotion and development of Hindi and other 22 languages listed in the schedule VIII of the Constitution including Sanskrit and Urdu on the one hand and English as well as the foreign languages on the other hand have received due attention. In fulfilling the constitutional responsibility, the Department of Higher Education is assisted by autonomous organization and subordinate offices.

Modern India, as per the 1961 Census, has more than 1652 mother tongues, genetically belonging to five different language families. The 1991 Census had 10,400 raw returns of mother tongues and they were rationalized into 1576 mother tongues. They are further rationalized into 216 mother tongues, and grouped under 114 languages: Austro-Asiatic (14 languages, with a total population of 1.13%), Dravidian (17 languages, with a total population of 22.53%), Indo-European (Indo-Aryan, 19 languages, with a total population of 75.28%, and Germanic, 1 language, with a total population of 0.02%), Semito-Harmitic (1 language, with a total population of 0.01%), and Tibeto-Burman (62 languages with a total population of 0.97%).It may be noted that mother tongues having a population of less than 10000 on all India basis or not possible to identify on the basis of available linguistic information have gone under 'others'.

University Grants Commission (India)

The University Grants Commission of India (UGC India) is a statutory body set up by the Indian Union government in accordance to the UGC Act 1956 under Ministry of Human Resource Development, and is charged with coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of higher education. It provides recognition to universities in India, and disburses funds to such recognised universities and colleges. V.S. Chauhan is the incumbent chairman. Its headquarters is in New Delhi, and six regional centres in Pune, Bhopal, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Guwahati and Bangalore.

UGC is modelled after University Grants Committee of UK which was an advisory committee of the British government and advised on the distribution of grant funding amongst the British universities. The committee was in existence from 1919 until 1989.

विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग (भारत)
भारतीय विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग (यूजीसी इंडिया) मानव संसाधन विकास मंत्रालय के तहत यूजीसी अधिनियम 1 9 56 के अनुसार भारतीय केंद्रीय सरकार द्वारा स्थापित एक सांविधिक निकाय है, और उच्च शिक्षा के मानकों के समन्वय, निर्धारण और रखरखाव का आरोप है। यह भारत में विश्वविद्यालयों को मान्यता प्रदान करता है, और ऐसे मान्यता प्राप्त विश्वविद्यालयों और महाविद्यालयों को धन का वितरण करता है। वी.एस. चौहान विधानसभा अध्यक्ष हैं। इसका मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली में है, और पुणे, भोपाल, कोलकाता, हैदराबाद, गुवाहाटी और बेंगलुरु के छह क्षेत्रीय केंद्र हैं।
यूजीसी को ब्रिटेन की यूनिवर्सिटी ग्रांट्स कमेटी के बाद तैयार किया गया है जो ब्रिटिश सरकार की एक सलाहकार समिति थी और ब्रिटिश विश्वविद्यालयों में अनुदान धन के वितरण पर सलाह दी थी। समिति 1 9 1 9 से 1 9 89 तक अस्तित्व में थी।

In 1976, the Union Minister of Education made open the government of India's plans to close down UGC and the related body All India Council for Technical Education(AICTE), in favour of a higher regulatory body with more sweeping powers. This goal, proposed by the Higher Education and Research (HE&R) Bill, 2011, intends to replace the UGC with a "National Commission for Higher Education & Research (NCHER)" "for determination, coordination, maintenance and continued enhancement of standards of higher education and research". The bill proposes absorbing the UGC and other academic agencies into this new organisation. Those agencies involved in medicine and law would be exempt from this merger "to set minimum standards for medical and legal education leading to professional practice". The bill has received opposition from the local governments of the Indian states of Bihar, Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, but has received general support. UGC has directed ten institutions to immediately shut down their off-campus centres.
In December 2015 the Indian government set a National Institutional of Ranking Framework under UGC which will rank all educational institutes by April 2016. UGC has suggested to all Universities in India to set up an Online Admission System from the academic session commencing in 2016-2017. Recently UGC has released 22 fake universities, 9 are from Uttar Pradesh, 5 from Delhi, 2 from West Bengal and one each from Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Odisha.

1 9 76 में केंद्रीय शिक्षा मंत्री ने यूजीसी को बंद करने की भारत सरकार की योजनाओं को और सरकार के लिए अखिल भारतीय तकनीकी शिक्षा परिषद (एआईसीटीई) को खोल दिया, जो कि एक अधिक विनियामक निकाय के पक्ष में अधिक व्यापक शक्तियों के साथ। उच्च शिक्षा और अनुसंधान (एचईआरएआर) विधेयक, 2011 द्वारा प्रस्तावित यह लक्ष्य, यूजीसी को "राष्ट्रीय उच्च शिक्षा एवं अनुसंधान आयोग (एनसीएचईआर)" के साथ "उच्च स्तर के मानकों के निर्धारण, समन्वय, रखरखाव और निरंतर वृद्धि के साथ प्रतिस्थापित करने का इरादा रखता है। शिक्षा और अनुसंधान " इस विधेयक में यूजीसी और अन्य शैक्षणिक एजेंसियों को इस नए संगठन में अवशोषित करने का प्रस्ताव है। दवा और कानून में शामिल उन एजेंसियों को इस विलय से छूट दी जाएगी "पेशेवर अभ्यास के लिए अग्रणी चिकित्सा और कानूनी शिक्षा के लिए न्यूनतम मानदंड निर्धारित"। इस विधेयक को बिहार, केरल, पंजाब, तमिलनाडु और पश्चिम बंगाल के भारतीय राज्यों की स्थानीय सरकारों से विरोध प्राप्त हुआ है, लेकिन उन्हें सामान्य समर्थन प्राप्त हुआ है। यूजीसी ने दस संस्थानों को अपने ऑफ-कैम्पस सेंटरों को तुरंत बंद करने का निर्देश दिया है।

दिसंबर 2015 में भारत सरकार ने यूजीसी के तहत रैंकिंग फ्रेमवर्क के एक राष्ट्रीय संस्थान का गठन किया जो अप्रैल 2016 तक सभी शैक्षणिक संस्थानों को रैंक करेगा। यूजीसी ने 2016-2017 से शुरू होने वाले अकादमिक सत्र से ऑनलाइन प्रवेश प्रणाली स्थापित करने के लिए भारत के सभी विश्वविद्यालयों को सुझाव दिया है। हाल ही में यूजीसी ने 22 जाली विश्वविद्यालयों, 9 उत्तर प्रदेश, दिल्ली से 5, पश्चिम बंगाल के 2 और बिहार, कर्नाटक, केरल, महाराष्ट्र, तमिलनाडु और ओडिशा से एक-एक को रिहा कर दिया है।

THE UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION ACT, 1956 (As modified up to the 20th December, 1985) Click Here

Inter University Centres (IUCs)

The UGC establishes autonomous Inter-University Centres within the university system under Clause 12(ccc) of the UGC Act. The objectives for setting up these centres are:

To provide common advanced centralized facilities/services for universities which are not able to invest heavily in infrastructure and other inputs.
To play a vital role in offering the best expertise in each field to teachers and researchers across the country.
To provide access for research and teaching community to the state-of-the-art equipment and excellent library facilities which are comparable to international standards.

अंतर विश्वविद्यालय केन्द्र (आईयूसी)
यूजीसी यूजीसी अधिनियम की धारा 12 (सीसीसी) के तहत विश्वविद्यालय प्रणाली के भीतर स्वायत्त अंतर विश्वविद्यालय केन्द्रों को स्थापित करता है। इन केंद्रों की स्थापना के उद्देश्य हैं:

विश्वविद्यालयों के लिए सामान्य उन्नत केंद्रीकृत सुविधाएं / सेवाएं प्रदान करने के लिए जो बुनियादी ढांचे और अन्य निविष्टियों में भारी निवेश करने में सक्षम नहीं हैं।
पूरे देश के शिक्षकों और शोधकर्ताओं को प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में सर्वश्रेष्ठ विशेषज्ञता प्रदान करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाने के लिए
राज्य के अत्याधुनिक उपकरणों और उत्कृष्ट पुस्तकालय सुविधाओं के लिए अनुसंधान और शिक्षण समुदाय के लिए पहुंच प्रदान करने के लिए जो अंतरराष्ट्रीय मानकों के लिए तुलनीय हैं।

The Nuclear Science Centre at New Delhi (now called Inter University Accelerator Centre) was the first research centre established in 1994. As of today, six Inter University Centres are functioning within the university system, which are as follows:

Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC),New Delhi
Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astro-Physics (IUCAA),Pune
UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research (UGC-DAECSR),Indore
Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET),Ahmedabad
Consortium for Educational Communication (CEC), New Delhi
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore
Inter University Centre for Teacher Education, Kakinada

Central Universities ( This Data collected from http://mhrd.gov.in/central-universities-0 ) Last Updated by MHRD on Tue, 03/14/2017

List of Central Universities:

1. UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

The University of Delhi was established in February, 1922. This is one of the premier Institutions of higher learning in the country and offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in a wide range of disciplines in addition to short and long-term certificate/diploma courses in several application-oriented subjects.

2. NORTH EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY

The North Eastern Hill University (NEHU) was established in 1973 by an Act of Parliament with focus on improvement of the social and economic conditions and welfare of the people of the hill areas of North East Region and in particular their intellectual, academic and cultural advancement. The jurisdiction of the University is now confined to the State of Meghalaya, with campuses at Shillong and TURA.

3. ASSAM UNIVERSITY

Assam University was established in 1994 at Silchar. It is a teaching-cum-affiliating University having jurisdiction over the districts of Cachar, Karimganj, Hailakandi, Karbi, Anglong and North Cachar Hills in the State of Assam. It conducts Postgraduate, M.Phil. and Ph.D. courses. In addition a few Five year integrated courses like Social work, Law, Computer Sciences, Fine Arts and a couple of self financing courses are also conducted by the University.

4. TEZPUR UNIVERSITY

Tezpur University, a teaching and residential University located at Napaam, Tezpur (Assam), was set up in January, 1994. The University is offering PG Programmes and PG Diploma Programmes and Part time MBA Programme.

5. MIZORAM UNIVERSITY

The Central University of Mizoram was established on July 2, 2000 by the Mizoram University Act, 2000 as a Central University. The University offers courses namely M.A., M. Sc., M. Phil, Ph. D., B. Tech, etc. in a number of subjects across the spectrum.

6. NAGALAND UNIVERSITY

The Central University of Nagaland was established by the Government of India in 1994 with campuses at Kohima, Dimapur, Lumami and Medziphema. The University offers MA, M. Sc, MMC, M. Phil and Ph. D courses in various subjects.

7. MANIPUR UNIVERSITY

Manipur University established under an Act of the Manipur Legislative Assembly was incorporated as a Central University under the Manipur University Act, 2005 which came into force on October 13th, 2005.

8. UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD

The University of Allahabad, set up in 1887, is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the country. It was declared as an Institution of National Importance and was incorporated as a Central University under the University of Allahabad Act, 2005 which came into force on July 14th, 2005. The academic activities of the University are undertaken through its teaching Departments comprising of on-Campus Faculties, University Institutes and an independent Centre.

9. RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY

Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar, established under an Act of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly was incorporated as a Central University under the Rajiv Gandhi University Act, 2006 which came into force on April 9th, 2007.

10. TRIPURA UNIVERSITY

Tripura University established under an Act of the Tripura Legislative Assembly was incorporated as a Central University under the Tripura University Act, 2006 which came into force on July 2nd, 2007.

11. SIKKIM UNIVERSITY

Sikkim University, with its headquarters at Gangtok, has been established as a teaching and affiliating University under the Sikkim University Act, 2006 which came into force on July 2nd, 2007.

12. THE ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY

The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad has been incorporated as a Central University by the name of English and Foreign Languages University, under the English and Foreign Languages University Act, 2006 which came into force on August 3rd, 2007. The University is a multi-campus University with campuses at Lucknow and Shillong, besides its main campus at Hyderabad. In furtherance of its objectives, the University is offering a number of on-campus programmes leading to M.A., M.Phil. and Ph.D degrees in English and foreign languages like Arabic, French, German, Japanese, Russian and Spanish. The University is also offering part-time certificate/diploma/advanced diploma courses on campus as well as through distance mode.

13. ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), which originated as M.A.O. College, was incorporated as a Central University by an Act of Parliament in 1920. It is one of the premier, fully residential academic institutions of the country.

14. BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY

The Banaras Hindu University, established as a teaching and residential university in 1916, is one of the oldest and largest Central Universities of the country.

15. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY

The Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi came into existence in 1969. It is primarily concerned with Post-graduate education and research.

16. JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

Jamia Millia Islamia, which had been functioning as a deemed to be University since 1962, acquired the status of a Central University in December 1988. The University imparts education from nursery stage to post-graduate and doctorate levels. The University offers courses at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, in addition to Ph.D, programmes in various disciplines.

17. VISVA BHARATI

Visva Bharati, an educational institution founded by late Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore in 1921, was incorporated as a Central University in 1951 by an Act of Parliament. The University imparts education from the primary school level to post-graduate and doctorate levels.

18. UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD

The University of Hyderabad, established by an Act of Parliament in 1974, has over the years emerged as a premier institution of post-graduate teaching and research in the country. The academic activities of the University are undertaken through its Schools of Study. The School of Medicine and School of Engineering Sciences & Technology have been established in 2007. The Centre for Distance Education of the University also offers programmes under distance mode.

19. PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

The Pondicherry University was established by an Act of Parliament in 1985 as a teaching-cum-affiliating university with its jurisdiction over the Union Territories of Pondicherry and Andaman & Nicobar Islands with provision for extending it to Lakshadweep. The University offers Post-graduate, M.Tech, M.Phil programme, Ph.D Programme and PG Diploma programmes.

20. BABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University was established in Lucknow in 1996 as Central University with the objectives of promoting advance knowledge by instructional and research facilities in science, frontier areas of technology and other allied disciplines such as agricultural technology and rural crafts relevant for the development of the socially and economically depressed sections of the people. The University is also promoting the study of the principles for which Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar worked during his life-time.

21. MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL URDU UNIVERSITY

The Maulana Azad National Urdu University was established at Hyderabad in 1998 with the mandate to promote and develop Urdu language and to impart higher, technical and vocational education in the Urdu medium through conventional as well as distance mode.

22. MAHATMA GANDHI ANTARRASHTRIYA HINDI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya was established at Wardha in 1997. The objectives of the University are to promote and develop Hindi Language and Literature in general and for that purpose, to provide for active pursuit of comparative studies and research in Hindi and other Indian languages. The University also offers programmes of Research, Education and Training in areas like translation, interpretation and linguistic for improving the functional effectiveness of Hindi, to reachout to Hindi scholars and groups interested in Hindi abroad and to popularize Hindi through distance Education System.

23. INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY (IGNOU)

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) was established in 1985 by an Act of Parliament with the dual responsibilities of (i) enhancing access and equity to higher education through distance mode and (ii) promoting, coordinating and determining standards in open learning and distance education systems. Since then, the IGNOU has undergone rapid expansion and emerged as an international institution in the field of Open and Distance Learning.

24. INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL TRIBAL UNIVERSITY

The Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, has been established by an Act of the Parliament of India. It came into existence by the Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Act, 2007 and came into action with the appointment of its first Vice-Chancellor on July 8, 2008. The jurisdiction of the University extends to the whole country and it is fully funded by the Central Government through the University Grants Commission. The university caters to the tribals’ long cherished dream of higher education.

25. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF BIHAR

The Central University of Bihar was established in 2009 by the Government of India under the Central Universities Act, 2009. One of the main objectives of the University is to disseminate and advance knowledge by providing instructional and research facilities in such branches of learning as it may deem fit.

26. GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya was established under the Central Universities Act 2009. Formerly called Guru Ghasidas University (GGU), established by an Act of the State Legislative Assembly, was formally inaugurated on June 16, 1983. The University is a residential-cum-affiliating institution, having its jurisdiction spread over Bilaspur Revenue Division of the state of Chhattisgarh.

27. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF GUJARAT

The Central University of Gujarat was established by the Parliament vide the Central University Act, 2009, with the objective of dissemination and advancement of knowledge to make special provisions for integrated courses, to educate and train manpower for the development of the country, to provide appropriate measure for promoting innovation in teaching-learning and to pay special attention to the improvement of social and economic conditions and welfare of the people, their intellectual, academic and cultural development.

28. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HARYANA

The Central University of Haryana was established by an Act of Parliament in 2009. Some of the objectives of the University are to disseminate and advance knowledge by providing instructional and research facilities in such branches of learning as it may deem fit and to make special provisions for integrated courses in humanities, social sciences, science and technology in its educational programmes.

29. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

This University was established under the Central Universities Act 2009 of Indian Parliament. The main objectives of the University are to disseminate and advance knowledge by providing instructional and research facilities in such branches of learning as it may deem fit and to make special provisions for integrated courses in humanities, social sciences, sciences and technology in its educational programmes.

30. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR

The Central University of Kashmir (formerly known as the Central University of Jammu and Kashmir) was established in March 2009 under the Central Universities Act 2009. The University offers MBA, M. Sc. I.T. & M. A. English courses, which commenced from the Transit Campus from August 25, 2010.

31. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JHARKHAND

The Central University of Jharkhand was established in March 2009 under the Central Universities Act, 2009. The University focuses on conducting research in cutting-edge technologies.

32. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF KARNATAKA

The Central University of Karnataka (CUK) was established by an Act of the Parliament (No. 3 of 2009) at Gulbarga, Karnataka. The CUK, with its territorial jurisdiction all over Karnataka, has initiated its activities from the academic year beginning August 2009 in keeping with the philosophy of achieving and maintaining the highest levels of academic excellence, sensitivity to equity and access in enrolment and recruitment and emerging as a premier national educational and research institution in the country.

33. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

The Central University of Kerala was established under the Central Universities Act, 2009. In January 2009, it started functioning with two academic programmes: MA in English and Comparative Literature and MA in Economics. CUK has statewide jurisdiction, and can establish regional centers in any part of the State.

34. Dr. HARISINGH GOUR VISHWAVIDYALAYA

This University was declared a Central University w.e.f. January 15th, 2009. Apart from the conventional degree, post graduate and research courses, Geology, Pharmacy, Criminology & Forensic Science, Anthropology, Performing Arts, Journalism & Mass Communication, Adult Education, Electronics, Business Management, Microbiology, Biotechnology and Computer Applications are some of the subjects. The Institute of Distance Education of the University runs various self-finance, Correspondence Courses like M.Lib.Sc., B.Lib., MC(J), BJ (C), PG Diploma in Environmental Marketing and Personnel Management, PG Diploma in Criminology and Police Administration.

35. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ORISSA

The Central University of Orissa was established by the Parliament under the Central Universities Act, 2009. The University is recognized for the excellence of its faculty and the balance they strike between teaching and scholarship; for its students' engagement in scholarship, leadership, and economically relevant education; for its extensive network of partnerships; for its diverse and inclusive campus; and for its commitment to addressing tribal society's educational, economic, and cultural challenges.

36. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB

The Central University of Punjab was established through the Central Universities Act 2009. Some of the main objectives of the University are to disseminate and advance knowledge by providing instructional and research facilities in such branches of learning as it may deem fit and to make special provisions for integrated courses in humanities, social sciences, science and technology in its educational programmes.

37. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

The Central University of Rajasthan was established in February 2009 by an Act of Parliament under the Central Universities Act 2009. The University has launched six new PG programs with effect from the academic year 2010-11. These programs, along with the two launched in 2009-10.

38. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF TAMIL NADU

The Central University of Tamil Nadu was established under the Central Universities Act 2009. The University has been running 4 programmes viz. M. A. English Studies, and Integrated M.Sc. programmes in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics..

39. HEMWATI NANDAN BAHUGUNA GARWAL UNIVERSITY

The Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, first established in December 1973, was subsequently established as a Central University in January 2009. This University has 3 campuses and more than 180 affiliated colleges and institutes (both state run/aided and self financed). The University offers a variety of higher learning courses and academic programmes through 10 Faculties.

40. CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU

The Central University of Jammu came into existence on August 08, 2011.It was established by the Central Universities Act, 2009 (Act No.25 of 2009 read with the Central Universities Act, 2009).

Other Central Universities which are not under Ministry of HRD

1. SOUTH ASIAN UNIVERSITY

The South Asian University is an International University sponsored by the eight Member States of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The eight countries are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The formal Agreement to establish the University was signed on April 4, 2007. First academic session of the university started in August 2010 with two post-graduate academic programmes, one each in Economics and Computer Sciences.

2. NALANDA UNIVERSITY

Nalanda University was established in November 2010. The University came into being by a special Act of the Indian Parliament – a testimony to the important status that Nalanda University occupies in the Indian intellectual landscape.

3. CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), an apex body, which plans, undertakes aids, promotes, and coordinates agricultural education, research and extension education in India, constituted a research review committee in 1982 under the National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) to suggest the ways and means to strengthen the research capability of the NE Region. The committee was also given an additional mandate to look into the manpower needs of agriculture and allied sectors and suggests the remedial measures.

4. INDIAN MARITIME UNIVERSITY

The Indian Maritime University, came into being through an Act of Parliament (Act 22) on 14th November, 2008 as a Central University and is poised to play a key role in the development of trained human resource for the maritime sector. November 14th is celebrated as 'IMU Day' every year.

5. RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY

THE UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION ACT, 1956 (As modified up to the 20th December, 1985) Click Here

Polity and Administration

Evolution of Indian Constitution

The idea of a Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution of India was first mooted by the Communist leader MN Roy. The Indian National Congress (INC) demanded a Constituent Assembly for the first time in 1935. The British Government accepted the demand in its “August Offer” in 1940. The Cripps Mission in 1942 came to India with a draft proposal but the Muslim League didn’t accept it as it wanted the division of India. Finally, the Cabinet Mission came out with a compromise formula which constituted the Constituent Assembly in November, 1946.
भारत के संविधान के लिए एक संविधान सभा का विचार पहली बार कम्युनिस्ट नेता एम.एन. रॉय ने उठाया था। भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस (इंक) ने 1 9 35 में पहली बार एक संविधान सभा की मांग की। ब्रिटिश सरकार ने 1 9 40 में अपने "अगस्त प्रस्ताव" में मांग स्वीकार कर ली। 1 9 42 में क्रिप्स मिशन एक मसौदा प्रस्ताव के साथ भारत आया, लेकिन मुस्लिम लीग ने इसे स्वीकार नहीं कर सकता क्योंकि यह भारत का विभाजन चाहता था। अंत में, कैबिनेट मिशन एक समझौता फार्मूला से बाहर आया जिसमें नवंबर 1 9 46 में संविधान सभा का गठन हुआ।

The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was convened on December 9, 1946 with Sachchidanand
Sinha as the Interim President. He was the oldest member of the assembly. On December 11 , 1946, Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected as Permanent President of the Constituion Assembly. The Muslim League boycotted the meeting and insisted on a separate state of Pakistan.

On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objectives Resolution’ in the Assembly. It
pledged to make India an independent sovereign union of states. Sir B.N. Rao was appointed as the Constitutional Advisory to the Assembly.
संविधान सभा की पहली बैठक 9 दिसंबर, 1 9 46 को सच्चिदानंद के साथ बुलाई गई थी
अंतरिम राष्ट्रपति के रूप में सिन्हा वह विधानसभा का सबसे पुराना सदस्य था। 11 दिसंबर, 1 9 46 को, डॉ राजेंद्र प्रसाद संविधान सभा के स्थायी अध्यक्ष के रूप में चुने गए थे। मुस्लिम लीग ने बैठक का बहिष्कार किया और पाकिस्तान के एक अलग राज्य पर जोर दिया।
13 दिसंबर, 1 9 46 को जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने विधानसभा में ऐतिहासिक 'उद्देश्य संकल्प' चलाए। यह

भारत को राज्यों के एक स्वतंत्र सार्वभौम संघ बनाने का वचन दिया सर बी एन। राव को विधानसभा के संवैधानिक सलाहकार के रूप में नियुक्त किया गया था।

The Constituent Assembly took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to frame the Constitution.

Originally, the Constitution had 22 parts, 395 articles and 8 schedules. Presently, it consists of 450 articles (divided into 24 parts) and 12 schedules.

संविधान सभा को संविधान बनाने के लिए 2 साल, 11 महीने और 18 दिन लग गए।

मूलतः, संविधान में 22 भागों, 3 9 5 लेख और 8 कार्यक्रम थे। वर्तमान में, इसमें 450 लेख होते हैं (24 भागों में विभाजित) और 12 कार्यक्रम

Various sources of our Constitution

Government of India Act of 1935 – Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commission, Emergency provisions and administrative details.
British Constitution – Parliamentary System, Rule of law, Lagislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges and Bicameralism.
US Constitution – Fundamental rights, independence of judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of president, removal of Supreme court and high court judges and post of vice president.
Irish Constitution– Directive Principles of State Policy, nomination of members of Rajya Sabha and method of election of president
Canadian Constitution– Federation with a strong centre, vesting of residuary power in the centre, appointment of state Governor by the centre and advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court.
Australian Constitution– Concurrent list, joint sitting of two houses of Parliament.
Constitution of Germany– Suspension of fundamental rights during emergency.
French Constitution– Republic and ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble.
South African Constitution- Procedure for amendment of the constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.
Japanese Constitution- Procedure established by Law.
Constitution of former USSR: Procedure of five-year plan, fundamental duties, ideals of justice in Preamble.

भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1 9 35 - संघीय योजना, राज्यपाल, न्यायपालिका, लोक सेवा आयोग, आपातकालीन प्रावधान और प्रशासनिक विवरण का कार्यालय।
ब्रिटिश संविधान - संसदीय प्रणाली, कानून का नियम, विवाद प्रक्रिया, एकल नागरिकता, कैबिनेट प्रणाली, विशेषाधिकार पत्र, संसदीय विशेषाधिकार और द्विपक्षीयवाद
अमेरिकी संविधान - मौलिक अधिकार, न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता, न्यायिक समीक्षा, राष्ट्रपति के महाभियोग, सुप्रीम कोर्ट और उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों को हटाने और उपाध्यक्ष पद का पद
आयरिश संविधान - राज्य नीति के निर्देशक सिद्धांत, राज्यसभा के सदस्यों के नामांकन और राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव की विधि
कनाडाई संविधान - एक मजबूत केंद्र के साथ संघ, केंद्र में अवशिष्ट शक्ति का निपटा, केंद्र द्वारा राज्य के राज्यपाल की नियुक्ति और सुप्रीम कोर्ट की सलाहकार क्षेत्राधिकार।
ऑस्ट्रेलियाई संविधान - संसद सूची, संसद के दो सदनों की संयुक्त बैठक
जर्मनी का संविधान- आपातकाल के दौरान मौलिक अधिकारों का निलंबन
फ्रांसीसी संविधान - गणराज्य और प्रस्तावना में स्वतंत्रता, समानता और बिरादरी के आदर्श।
दक्षिण अफ्रीकी संविधान - संविधान में संशोधन और राज्य सभा के सदस्यों के चुनाव की प्रक्रिया।
जापानी संविधान - कानून द्वारा स्थापित प्रक्रिया
पूर्व सोवियत संघ के संविधान: पांच साल की योजना की प्रक्रिया, मौलिक कर्तव्यों, प्रस्तावना में न्याय के आदर्श

Preamble to the Constitution

The Constitution begins with the Preamble. The objective resolution proposed by Pt. Nehru ultimately became the preamble. It contains the summary or essence of the Constitution. It has been amended by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976), which added three new words—

socialist, secular and integrity.
संविधान की प्रस्तावना
संविधान प्रस्तावना के साथ शुरू होता है पं। द्वारा प्रस्तावित उद्देश्य संकल्प नेहरू अंततः प्रस्तावना बन गए इसमें संविधान का सार या सार है। यह 42 वें संवैधानिक संशोधन अधिनियम (1 9 76) द्वारा संशोधित किया गया है, जिसमें तीन नए शब्द-

समाजवादी, धर्मनिरपेक्ष और अखंडता

We, THE PEOPLE Of INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, Social, Economic and Political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote

among them all; FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the

individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of

November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE

TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION

हम, भारत के लोगों ने, भारत को एक अति सामाजिक सोसाइटी सेक्रेटरी डेमोक्रेटिक रिपब्लिक में स्थापित करने और अपने सभी नागरिकों को सुरक्षित करने का संकल्प किया है: न्याय, सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक; विचार, अभिव्यक्ति, विश्वास, विश्वास और पूजा की स्वतंत्रता;
स्थिति और अवसर की समानता; और बढ़ावा देने के लिए
उन सभी में; फ्रेटेंचरिटी की गरिमा को आश्वस्त करना
व्यक्ति और राष्ट्र की एकता और अखंडता; हमारे में
कांस्टिट्यून्ट विधानसभा का यह छठे दिन
नवंबर, 1 9 4 9, एपेट करें, ईएनएटीटी और गिफ्ट करें
खुद को इस संविधान के लिए

President

Articles 52 to 153 of the Constitution deal with the Union executive. The Union executive consists of the President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister, the council of ministers and the attorney general of India. The President is the head of the Indian State. He is the first citizen of India.

Impeachment of President: The President can be removed from office by a process of impeachment for
‘violation of the Constitution’. The impeachment charges can be initiated by either House of Parliament. These charges should be signed by one-fourth members of the House (that framed the charges), and a 14 days’ notice should be given to the President.
संघीय कार्यकारी के साथ संविधान के लेख 52 से 153 संघीय कार्यकारी में राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधान मंत्री, मंत्री परिषद और भारत के अटॉर्नी जनरल शामिल होते हैं। राष्ट्रपति भारतीय राज्य का प्रमुख है। वह भारत का पहला नागरिक है
राष्ट्रपति के महाभियोग: राष्ट्रपति को 'संविधान का उल्लंघन' के लिए महाभियोग की प्रक्रिया से कार्यालय से हटाया जा सकता है। महाभियोग शुल्क संसद के किसी भी सदन द्वारा शुरू किया जा सकता है। इन आरोपों को सदन के एक चौथे सदस्यों द्वारा हस्ताक्षरित किया जाना चाहिए (जो आरोप लगाए गए हैं), और राष्ट्रपति को 14 दिन का नोटिस दिया जाना चाहिए।

The executive powers and functions of the President are:

All executive actions of the Government of India are formally taken in his name.
According to article 75 he appoints the Prime Minister of India and according to Article 77 with consent of the Prime Minister he appoints the other ministers. They hold office during his pleasure.
He appoints the Attorney-General of India, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Chief
Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission, the governors of states, the chairman and members of Finance Commission, and administrators of UTs and so on.
भारत सरकार के सभी कार्यकारी कार्यों को औपचारिक रूप से उनके नाम पर लिया गया है।
अनुच्छेद 75 के अनुसार वह भारत के प्रधान मंत्री को नियुक्त करता है और प्रधान मंत्री की सहमति से अनुच्छेद 77 के अनुसार अन्य मंत्रियों को नियुक्त करता है। वे अपनी खुशी के दौरान कार्यालय पकड़
वह भारत के अटार्नी जनरल, भारतीय नियंत्रक और महालेखा परीक्षक, मुख्य नियुक्त करते हैं
चुनाव आयुक्त और अन्य चुनाव आयुक्त, संघ लोक सेवा आयोग के चेयरमैन और सदस्यों, राज्य के राज्यपालों, वित्त आयोग के सदस्यों और संघ शासित प्रदेशों के प्रशासक और अन्य सभी के लिए।

Legislative powers

The President is an integral part of the Parliament of India, and enjoys the following legislative powers.

1. He can summon or prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha. [Art. 85] 2. He can also summon a joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament, which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. [Art. 108] 3. He can address the Parliament at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year. [Art. 87] 4. He can send messages to the Houses of Parliament, whether with respect to a bill pending in the Parliament
or otherwise.
5. He can appoint any member of the Lok Sabha to preside over its proceedings when the offices of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker fall vacant. Similarly, he can also appoint any member of the Rajya Sabha to preside over its proceedings when the offices of both the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman fall vacant.
6. He nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons having special knowledge or practical
experience in literature, science, art and social service.
[Art. 80(1)] 7. The President is empowered to nominate not more than two Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha, if that
community is not adequately represented in that House.
[Art. 331] 8. His prior recommendation or permission is needed to introduce certain types of bill in the Parliament. For
example, a bill involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, or a bill for the alteration of
boundaries of states or creation of a new state.

9. When a bill is sent to the President after it has been passed by the Parliament, he can give his assent,
withhold his assent or return the bill for reconsideration of the parliament. However, if the bill is passed again by
the Parliament, with or without amendments, the President has to give his assent to the bill.

10. When a bill passed by a state legislature is reserved by the governor for consideration of the President, the
President can give his assent, withhold it or direct the governor to return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for
reconsideration of the state legislature. It should be noted here that it is not obligatory for the President to give his assent even if the bill is again passed by the state legislature and sent again to him for his consideration.

11. According to Article 123, he can promulgate ordinances when the Parliament is not in session. An ordinance issued under Art. 123 must receive approval of Parliament
(both the houses) within six weeks of reassembly of the parliament.
राष्ट्रपति भारत की संसद का एक अभिन्न अंग है, और निम्नलिखित विधायी शक्तियों का आनंद उठाया है।
1. वह संसद को बुलाने या उसका प्रचार कर सकते हैं और लोकसभा को भंग कर सकते हैं। [कला। 85] 2. वह संसद के दोनों सदनों की एक संयुक्त बैठक को भी बुला सकते हैं, जिसे लोकसभा के अध्यक्ष द्वारा अध्यक्ष बनाया गया है। [कला। 108] 3. प्रत्येक आम चुनाव और प्रत्येक वर्ष के पहले सत्र के बाद वह प्रथम सत्र के प्रारंभ में संसद को संबोधित कर सकता है। [कला। 87] 4. वह संसद के सदनों को संदेश भेज सकते हैं, चाहे संसद में लंबित बिल के संबंध में
या अन्यथा।
5. लोक सभा के किसी भी सदस्य को अपनी कार्यवाही की अध्यक्षता करने के लिए नियुक्त कर सकता है, जब दोनों अध्यक्ष और उप सभापति के कार्यालय खाली आते हैं। इसी तरह, वह अपनी कार्यवाही की अध्यक्षता करने के लिए राज्य सभा के किसी भी सदस्य को नियुक्त कर सकते हैं, जब दोनों अध्यक्ष और उप सभापति के कार्यालय खाली हैं।
6. उन्होंने विशेष ज्ञान या व्यावहारिक व्यक्तियों के बीच से राज्य सभा के 12 सदस्यों को नामित किया
साहित्य, विज्ञान, कला और सामाजिक सेवा में अनुभव
[कला। 80 (1)] 7. राष्ट्रपति को दो एंग्लो-भारतीय सदस्यों से अधिक नहीं लोकसभा को नामांकित करने का अधिकार है, यदि
उस घर में समुदाय का पर्याप्त रूप से प्रतिनिधित्व नहीं है
[कला। 331] 8. संसद में कुछ प्रकार के बिल को पेश करने के लिए उनकी पिछली सिफारिश या अनुमति की आवश्यकता है। के लिये
उदाहरण के लिए, भारत के समेकित निधि से व्यय शामिल करने वाला बिल, या परिवर्तन के लिए बिल
राज्यों की सीमाएं या नए राज्य का निर्माण
9. संसद द्वारा पारित होने के बाद राष्ट्रपति को एक विधेयक भेजा जाता है, तो वह अपनी सहमति दे सकता है,
संसद के पुनर्विचार के लिए बिल जारी करें हालांकि, यदि बिल फिर से पारित हो जाता है
संसद, संशोधनों के साथ या बिना, राष्ट्रपति को बिल के लिए अपनी सहमति देनी होगी
10. जब एक राज्य विधायिका द्वारा पारित बिल को राष्ट्रपति के विचार के लिए राज्यपाल द्वारा आरक्षित किया जाता है, तो
राष्ट्रपति अपनी मंजूरी दे सकते हैं, इसे रोक सकते हैं या राज्यपाल को बिल वापस करने का निर्देश दे सकते हैं (यदि यह धन बिल नहीं है)
राज्य विधायिका का पुनर्विचार यहां यह ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए कि राष्ट्रपति के लिए विधेयक को फिर से पारित कर दिया गया है और यह भी कि उनके विचार के लिए उन्हें फिर से भेजा गया, भले ही यह राष्ट्रपति को अपनी सहमति देने के लिए अनिवार्य नहीं है।
11. अनुच्छेद 123 के अनुसार, संसद सत्र में नहीं होने पर वह नियमों को लागू कर सकते हैं। कला के तहत जारी अध्यादेश 123 को संसद के अनुमोदन प्राप्त होना चाहिए

(दोनों घरों) संसद के छह साल के पुनर्मिलरीकरण के भीतर।

Veto power of the President: A bill passed by the Parliament can become an act only if it receives the assent of the President. However, the President has the veto power over the bills passed by the Parliament, i.e. he can withhold his assent to the bills.

Absolute Veto: It refers to the power of the President to withhold his assent to a bill passed by the Parliament. The bill then ends and does not become an act. Usually, this veto is exercised in the following two cases:

With respect to private members’ bills; and With respect to the government bills when the cabinet resigns (after the passage of the bills but before the assent by the President) and the new cabinet advises the President not to give his assent to such bills.

Suspensive Veto: The President exercises this veto when he returns a bill for reconsideration of the Parliament. However, if the bill is passed again by the Parliament with or without amendments and again presented to the President, it is obligatory for the President to give his assent to the bill. The President does
not possess this veto in the case of money bills.
राष्ट्रपति की वीटो शक्ति: संसद द्वारा पारित बिल एक कार्य बन सकता है, अगर उसे राष्ट्रपति की स्वीकृति प्राप्त हो। हालांकि, संसद द्वारा पारित किए गए बिलों पर राष्ट्रपति के पास वीटो शक्ति है, यानी वह बिलों पर अपनी सहमति रोक सकते हैं।
संपूर्ण वीटो: यह संसद द्वारा पारित बिल को अपनी स्वीकृति को रोकने के लिए राष्ट्रपति की शक्ति को संदर्भित करता है। बिल तो समाप्त होता है और कोई कार्य नहीं बनता है आमतौर पर, इस वीटो का उपयोग निम्नलिखित दो मामलों में किया जाता है:
निजी सदस्यों के बिलों के संबंध में; और सरकार के बिलों के संबंध में जब मंत्रिपरिषद (इस्तीफे के बाद बिलों के पारित होने के बाद, राष्ट्रपति द्वारा स्वीकृति से पहले) और नए मंत्रिमंडल ने राष्ट्रपति से सलाह दी कि वे इस तरह के बिलों पर अपनी सहमति देने के लिए नहीं।
सस्पेंशन वीटो: जब वह संसद के पुनर्विचार का बिल वापस करता है तो राष्ट्रपति इस वीटो का इस्तेमाल करते हैं। हालांकि, अगर संसद द्वारा संसद द्वारा या बिना संशोधन के विधेयक को दोबारा पारित किया गया है और फिर राष्ट्रपति को प्रस्तुत किया गया है, तो यह राष्ट्रपति के लिए बिल को अपनी सहमति देने के लिए अनिवार्य है। राष्ट्रपति करता है

धन बिलों के मामले में इस वीटो का अधिकार नहीं है

Vice-President

The Vice-President occupies the second highest office in the country. He is accorded a rank next to the President in the official warrant of precedence. Election He is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament.

Thus, this electoral college is different from the electoral college for the election of the President in the following two respects:

It consists of both elected and nominated members of the Parliament.
It does not include the members of the state legislative assemblies.

The Vice-President’s election, like that of the President’s election, is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot.
उपराष्ट्रपति देश में दूसरे उच्चतम कार्यालय में रह रहे हैं। उन्हें पूर्ववर्ती अधिकार के आधिकारिक वारंट में राष्ट्रपति के पास रैंक दिया गया है। चुनाव उन्होंने चुनावी कॉलेज के सदस्यों द्वारा संसद के दोनों सदनों के सदस्यों से मिलकर चुना गया।
इस प्रकार, यह चुनावी कॉलेज निम्नलिखित दो मामलों में राष्ट्रपति चुनाव के लिए चुनावी कॉलेज से अलग है:
इसमें संसद के निर्वाचित और मनोनीत सदस्यों दोनों शामिल हैं।
इसमें राज्य विधान सभाओं के सदस्यों को शामिल नहीं किया गया है

उपराष्ट्रपति के चुनाव, राष्ट्रपति चुनाव के समान, एकल हस्तांतरणीय मत के माध्यम से आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व की व्यवस्था के अनुसार आयोजित किया जाता है और मतदान गुप्त मतपत्र द्वारा होता है।

Qualifications

To be eligible for election as Vice-President, a person should fulfil the following qualifications:

He should be a citizen of India.
He should have completed 35 years of age.
He should be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
He should not hold any office of profit under the Union government or any state government or any local
authority or any other public authority.Oath or affirmation

The oath of office to the Vice-President is administered by the President or some person appointed in that behalf by him.
उपराष्ट्रपति के रूप में चुनाव के लिए पात्र होने के लिए, एक व्यक्ति को निम्नलिखित योग्यताएं पूरी करनी चाहिए:
वह भारत का नागरिक होना चाहिए।
उसे 35 साल की आयु पूरी करनी चाहिए थी।
उन्हें राज्यसभा के सदस्य के रूप में चुनाव के लिए योग्य होना चाहिए।
उन्हें केंद्र सरकार या किसी राज्य सरकार या किसी भी स्थानीय के तहत लाभ का कोई कार्यालय नहीं रखना चाहिए
प्राधिकरण या किसी अन्य सार्वजनिक प्राधिकरण। या प्रतिज्ञान

उपराष्ट्रपति को पद की शपथ राष्ट्रपति द्वारा प्रशासित या उसके द्वारा नियुक्त किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा

Term of office

The Vice-President holds office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. However, he can resign from his office at any time by addressing the resignation letter to the President. He can also be removed from the office before completion of his term. A formal impeachment is not required for his removal. He can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an absolute majority.

On the vacancy of the post of the Vice-President, whether by death, resignation or otherwise, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha takes charge until a Vice-President is elected and takes charge.
उपराष्ट्रपति उस तिथि से पांच वर्ष की अवधि के लिए कार्यालय रखता है, जिस पर वह अपने कार्यालय में प्रवेश कर जाता है। हालांकि, राष्ट्रपति जी को इस्तीफा पत्र को संबोधित करते हुए वे किसी भी समय अपने कार्यालय से इस्तीफा दे सकते हैं। अपने पद के पूरा होने से पहले उसे कार्यालय से हटाया जा सकता है। उसके निष्कासन के लिए एक औपचारिक महाभियोग की आवश्यकता नहीं है। उन्हें पूर्ण बहुमत से पारित राज्यसभा के एक प्रस्ताव से हटाया जा सकता है।

उपराष्ट्रपति के पद की रिक्ति पर, चाहे मृत्यु, इस्तीफा या अन्यथा से, राज्यसभा के उपाध्यक्ष ने उप राष्ट्रपति के चुने जाने तक प्रभारी पद संभाला और प्रभारी पद संभाले।

Powers and functions
The functions of Vice-President are twofold:
1. He acts as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. In this capacity, his powers and functions are similar to
those of the Speaker of Lok Sabha.
2. He acts as President when a vacancy occurs in the office of the President due to his resignation, removal, death or otherwise. He can act as President only for a maximum period of six months, within which a new President has to be elected. Further, when the sitting President is unable to discharge his functions due to absence, illness or any other cause, the Vice-President discharges his functions until the President resumes his office.

While acting as President or discharging the functions of President, the Vice-President does not perform the duties of the office of the chairman of Rajya Sabha. During this period, those duties are performed by the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha. If the offices of both the President and the Vice-President fall vacant by reason of death, resignation, removal etc the Chief Justice of India or in his absence the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court acts as President.

For the first time, during the 15-day visit of Dr. Rajendra Prasad to the Soviet Union in June 1960, the then Vice-
President Dr. Radhakrishnan acted as the President. For the first time, in 1969, when the President Dr. Zakir
Hussain died and the Vice-President V.V. Giri resigned, the Chief Justice Md. Hidayatullah acted as President.
उपराष्ट्रपति का कार्य दो गुणा है:
1. वह राज्यसभा के पद के अध्यक्ष के रूप में कार्य करता है। इस क्षमता में, उनकी शक्तियां और कार्य समान हैं
लोकसभा के अध्यक्ष के
2. वह राष्ट्रपति के रूप में कार्य करता है, जब उनके इस्तीफे, हटाने, मृत्यु या अन्यथा राष्ट्रपति के पद पर एक रिक्ति होती है। वह केवल छह महीने की अधिकतम अवधि के लिए राष्ट्रपति के रूप में कार्य कर सकते हैं, जिसके भीतर एक नए राष्ट्रपति का निर्वाचित होना होगा। इसके अलावा, जब बैठे अध्यक्ष अनुपस्थिति, बीमारी या किसी अन्य कारण के कारण अपने कार्यों का निर्वहन करने में असमर्थ होता है, तो उपराष्ट्रपति अपने कार्य को तब तक जारी नहीं कर लेता जब तक कि राष्ट्रपति अपने कार्यालय को फिर से शुरू नहीं करते।
राष्ट्रपति के रूप में कार्य करते समय या राष्ट्रपति के कार्यों का निर्वहन करते हुए, उपराष्ट्रपति राज्यसभा के अध्यक्ष के पद के कर्तव्यों का पालन नहीं करता है। इस अवधि के दौरान, उन कर्तव्यों को राज्यसभा के उपाध्यक्ष द्वारा किया जाता है। यदि दोनों राष्ट्रपति और उपराष्ट्रपति का कार्यालय मृत्यु, त्यागपत्र, हटाए जाने आदि के कारण खाली हो जाते हैं तो भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश या उनकी अनुपस्थिति में सुप्रीम कोर्ट के वरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति के रूप में कार्य करते हैं।
पहली बार, 1 9 60 में डॉ। राजेंद्र प्रसाद की 15 दिवसीय यात्रा के दौरान सोवियत संघ को तत्कालीन उपराष्ट्रपति,
राष्ट्रपति डॉ राधाकृष्णन ने राष्ट्रपति के रूप में कार्य किया। पहली बार, 1 9 6 9 में, जब राष्ट्रपति डॉ। जाकिर

हुसैन का निधन और उपराष्ट्रपति वी.वी. गिरि ने इस्तीफा दे दिया, मुख्य न्यायाधीश मोहम्मद हिदायतुल्ला ने राष्ट्रपति के रूप में कार्य किया।

Prime Minister

In the scheme of parliamentary system of government provided by the Constitution, the President is the nominal
executive authority and Prime Minister is the real executive authority. The President is the head of the State while Prime Minister is the head of the government.

Appointment of the Prime Minister Article 75 says that the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President. The President appoints the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister. But, when no
party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, then the President may exercise his personal discretion in the selection and appointment of the Prime Minister.

Term
The term of the Prime Minister is not fixed and he holds office during the pleasure of the President. So long as the Prime Minister enjoys the majority support in the Lok Sabha, he cannot be dismissed by the President. However, if he loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha, he must resign or the President can dismiss him.

Powers and functions of Prime Minister

The powers and functions of Prime Minister can be studied under the following heads:

He recommends persons who can be appointed as ministers by the President.
He can recommend dissolution of the Lok Sabha to the President at any time.
He is the chairman of the Planning Commission, National Development Council, National Integration Council, Inter-State Council and National Water Resources Council.

संविधान द्वारा प्रदान की गई संसदीय प्रणाली की योजना में, राष्ट्रपति नाममात्र है

कार्यकारी अधिकारी और प्रधान मंत्री वास्तविक कार्यकारी प्राधिकरण हैं राष्ट्रपति राज्य के प्रमुख हैं, जबकि प्रधान मंत्री सरकार का मुखिया हैं।

प्रधान मंत्री अनुच्छेद 75 की नियुक्ति का कहना है कि प्रधान मंत्री को राष्ट्रपति द्वारा नियुक्त किया जाएगा। राष्ट्रपति प्रधान मंत्री के रूप में लोकसभा में बहुमत पार्टी के नेता को नियुक्त करते हैं। लेकिन, जब कोई नहीं

पार्टी के पास लोकसभा में स्पष्ट बहुमत है, तो राष्ट्रपति प्रधान मंत्री के चयन और नियुक्ति में अपने व्यक्तिगत विवेक का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं।

अवधि

प्रधान मंत्री का पद तय नहीं हुआ है और वह राष्ट्रपति की खुशी के दौरान कार्यालय रखता है। जब तक प्रधान मंत्री को लोकसभा में बहुमत प्राप्त होता है, तब तक वह राष्ट्रपति द्वारा बर्खास्त नहीं कर सकते। हालांकि, अगर वह लोकसभा का भरोसा खो देता है, तो उन्हें इस्तीफा देना चाहिए या राष्ट्रपति उन्हें खारिज कर सकते हैं।

प्रधान मंत्री के अधिकार और कार्य

प्रधान मंत्री के अधिकार और कार्यों का निम्नलिखित विषयों के तहत अध्ययन किया जा सकता है:

उन्होंने उन लोगों की सिफारिश की है जिन्हें राष्ट्रपति द्वारा मंत्रियों के रूप में नियुक्त किया जा सकता है।

वह किसी भी समय राष्ट्रपति को लोकसभा के विघटन की सिफारिश कर सकते हैं।

वह योजना आयोग, राष्ट्रीय विकास परिषद, राष्ट्रीय एकता परिषद, अंतर-राज्य परिषद और राष्ट्रीय जल संसाधन परिषद के अध्यक्ष हैं।

Central Council of Ministers

As the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary system of government modelled on the British pattern, the council of ministers headed by the prime minister is the real executive authority is our politico-administrative system.

The principles of parliamentary system of government are not detailed in the Constitution, but two Articles (74 and 75) deal with them in a broad, sketchy and general manner. Article 74 deals with the status of the council of ministers while Article 75 deals with the appointment, tenure, responsibility, qualification, oath and salaries and allowances of the ministers.

Constitutional provision
Article 74
There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President, who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.

Article 75
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the Presidentand the other ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The total number of ministers, including the Prime
Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha. [91st
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003] The council of ministers shall be collectively responsible
to the Lok Sabha.

A person who is not a member of either House can also become a minister but he cannot continue as minister for more than six months unless he secures a seat in either House of Parliament (by election/nomination). [Art.
75(5)]

The council of ministers consists of three categories: cabinet ministers, ministers of state, and deputy ministers.

Cabinet Ministers: The cabinet ministers head the important ministries of the Central government like home,
defence, finance and external affairs.
Ministers of State: The ministers of state can either be given independent charge of ministries/departments or can be attached to cabinet ministers.
Deputy Ministers: The deputy ministers are not given independent charge of ministries/departments and always assist the Cabinet or State Minister or both. They are not members of the cabinet and do not attend cabinet meetings. Minster may be taken from members of either House and minister who is member of one House has the right to speak and take part in the proceedings of the other House but cannot vote in the House of which he is not member. [Art. 88]. If the Prime Minister resigns or passes away, the entire ministry goes out automatically.

जैसा कि भारत का संविधान ब्रिटिश पैटर्न पर आधारित एक संसदीय प्रणाली के लिए प्रदान करता है, प्रधान मंत्री की अध्यक्षता वाली मंत्रियों की परिषद असली कार्यकारी प्राधिकारी हमारी राजनीतिक-प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था है।
संसदीय प्रणाली के सिद्धांतों का संविधान में विस्तृत नहीं है, लेकिन दो लेख (74 और 75) एक व्यापक, संक्षिप्त और सामान्य तरीके से उनके साथ सौदा करते हैं। अनुच्छेद 74 मंत्रियों की परिषद की स्थिति से संबंधित है, जबकि अनुच्छेद 75 नियुक्ति, कार्यकाल, जिम्मेदारी, योग्यता, शपथ और वेतन और मंत्रियों के भत्ते के साथ काम करता है।
संवैधानिक प्रावधान
अनुच्छेद 74
राष्ट्रपति को सहायता और सलाह देने के लिए प्रधान मंत्री के साथ मंत्रियों की एक परिषद होगी, जो अपने कार्यों के प्रयोग में ऐसी सलाह के अनुसार कार्य करेगा।
अनुच्छेद 75
प्रधान मंत्री की नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाएगी और प्रधान मंत्री की सलाह पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा अन्य मंत्रियों की नियुक्ति की जाएगी। प्रधान मंत्री सहित कुल मंत्रियों की संख्या
मंत्रिपरिषद में मंत्री, लोक सभा की कुल ताकत के 15% से अधिक नहीं होगी। [91
संवैधानिक संशोधन अधिनियम, 2003] मंत्रियों की परिषद सामूहिक रूप से जिम्मेदार होगी
लोकसभा के लिए
एक व्यक्ति जो किसी भी सदन का सदस्य नहीं है, वह भी एक मंत्री बन सकता है लेकिन वह छह महीने से अधिक तक मंत्री के रूप में जारी नहीं रह सकते हैं, जब तक कि वह संसद में किसी भी सदन में (चुनाव / नामांकन द्वारा) सीट न हो जाए। [कला।

75 (5)]

2004 to 2017 Questions:

MCQs on Higher Education System, Governance, Polity & Administartion

December 2004

1. In which year the University Grants Commission was established?

(A) 1948

(B) 1944

(D) 1960

Answer c

2. Another name of Basic Education or Nai Talim is :

(A) Compulsory Education

(B) New Education Policy

(C) Wardha Education Plan

(D) Sarva Shikshya Abhiyan

Answer c

5. The “Report on Currency and Finance” for each of the financial year in India is published by :

(A) Reserve Bank of India

(B) Ministry of Finance

(C) Planning Commission

(D) Central Statistical Organization

Answer A

6. The idea of ‘Democratic Decentralisation’ in India was popularised by:

(A) A.D. Gorwala Committee, 1951

(B) Paul H. Appleby Committee, 1953

(C) B.R. Mehta Committee, 1957

(D) Ashok Mehta Committee, 1978

Answer C

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the working of the Community Development Programme(1952) and the National Extension Service(1953) and to suggest measures for their better working. The Chairman of this committee was Balwantrai G Mehta. The committee submitted its report in November 1957 and recommended the establishment of the scheme of 'democratic decentralisation' which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj.The main aim of Panchayat raj system is to settle the local problems locally and to make the people politically conscious.

7. In India, a political party is recognised as a National or Regional Party by the :

(A) President of India

(B) Election Commission of India

(C) Law ministry in consultation with the Law Commission of India

(D) Union Parliament in consultation with the State Legislatures

Answer B

8. Which of the following factor/s is/are responsible for the increase of the role of Government in Developing Countries?

(a) Economic Planning

(b) Rising expectation of people

(c) Privatization

(d) Emergence of the concept of Welfare State

Select the most appropriate answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(A) (a) and (d)

(B) (a), (b) and (d)

(C) Only (c)

(D) Only (d)

Answer A

December 2005

1. The launch of satellite channel by IGNOU on 26^th January 2003 for technological education for the growth and development of distance education is:

(A) Eklavya channel

(B) Gyandarshan channel

(C) Rajrishi channel

(D) None of these

Answer A
Eklavya Technology Channel is a distant learning joint initiative between the IIT and IGNOU. It was inaugurated by Prof. Murli Manohar Joshi, Honourable Minister, HRD, S&T and Ocean Development on 26 January 2003.
It was inaugurated by Prof. Murli Manohar Joshi, Honourable Minister, HRD, S&T and Ocean Development on 26 January 2003.
eight complete courses are being run in parallel, contributed by IIT Delhi, IIT Kharagpur and IIT Madras and are repeated in the same sequence without a break.

Transmission

The audio/video programmes produced at the EMPC are broadcast/telecast over Gyan Darshan, Gyan Vani and Edusat Channels of IGNOU and the national channels of AIR/ Doordarshan regularly.

Gyan Darshan

It is a satellite-based national educational and development channel by the Ministry of Human Resource Development and Prasar Bharati, with IGNOU as the nodal agency. Gyan Darshan has expanded into a bouquet of channels namely GD-1, GD-2, GD-3 and GD-4, being uplinked from earth station at the EMPC.

GD 1 is 24 hr channel having the programmes produced by IGNOU and best educational programmes from other educational channels of Gyan Darshan channels.

GD 2 is devoted entirely to interactive distance education, which is a unique feature of the bouquet of channel.
GD 3 (Eklavya Channel) is 24 hr Channel which brings quality education to the student pursuing engineering throughout the country.

Gyan Vani

GD 4 (Vyas Channel) is 24 hr Channel which provide quality education to the students pursuing higher education throughout the country.

Educational channels are in existence in India for over three years. Since the launch of Gyan Darshan on January 26, 2000, the bouquet of educational TV channels today has three completely digital and round-the-clock channels. In November 2001, a FM radio channel called Gyan Vani was started which too has expanded manifold in its content and reach.

Gyan Darshan

Gyan Darshan offers interesting and informative programmes for different categories of users such as pre-school kids, primary and secondary school children, college/university students, youth seeking career opportunities, housewives and adults. These programmes are contributed by major educational institutions including IGNOU, UGC/CEC*, NCERT/CIET*, Directorate of Adult Education, IITs, TTTIs* and other educational/developmental organisations. The time slots are convenient and the programmes are prepared with the help of experts in the field and experienced production teams. Programmes from abroad are also broadcast to offer the viewer a window to the world.

Gyan Darshan transmissions, uplinked from the earth station of EMPC-IGNOU New Delhi, can be accessed all over the country throughout the year and round the clock without any break. Gyan Darshan signals can be conveniently received without any special equipment.

Gyan Darshan I

This is the main Gyan Darshan channel. Its programmes include the ‘countrywide classroom’ produced by CEC/UGC, ‘technovision’ produced by IITs and ‘Bhasha Mandakini’ produced by the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan. Bhasha Mandakini, launched on September 5, 2003, Under Bhasha Mandakini, the ‘Sanskrit Bhasha’ language series of programmes are developed by the Rasthriya Sanskrit Sansthan in collaboration with other Sanskrit institutes of higher learning such as the Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (Tirupati), Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (Delhi) and other Sanskrit institute and universities of repute. Bhasha mandakini is planned to include all languages in the course of time.

Gyan Darshan 2 and TDCC

Gyan Darshan-2 is devoted entirely to interactive distance education.

Gyan Darshan-2 and TDCC (Training & Development Communication Channel) are one-way video and two-way audio satellite-based interactive systems. Teleconference through Gyan darshan and TDCC essentially follow the same principle except that the former operates on C-band while the latter on extended C. The signals can be received across the country.

TDCC is conceived as a ‘close user group’ and was introduced in 1993 under the aegis of DECU (ISRO) who pioneered the system of one-way video and two-way audio communication system for educational applications. TDCC has 6 up-linking facilities in the country and approximately 1000 downlinks established so far.

Live interaction or teleconference is yet another and the latest intervention in the distance education system. It provides a human face to the otherwise remote and distant learner. The viewers can directly access teachers/experts in the studio during an ongoing programme, express their views and clear their doubts regarding specific topics/issues as the programme goes on. IGNOU provides free interactive telephonic facility in 79 cities through its toll free number 1-600-1-12345 for teleconferencing on Gyan Darshan-2, TDCC and IRC(Delhi).

Eklavya Technology Channel

Eklavya brings quality education to students pursuing engineering education.

Eklavya features lectures of the courses taught at the IITs situated at Kharagpur, Mumbai, Kanpur, Delhi, Guwahati, Roorkee and Chennai.

Gyan Vani

Gyan Vani is an educational FM Radio channel operating through FM stations from various parts of the country. With 10 FM stations at Allahabad, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Vishakhapatnam, Mumbai, Lucknow, Bhopal, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi already on air in the first half of 2003, the network is slated to expand to a total of 40 stations.

Gyan Vani stations operate as media cooperatives, with day-to-day programmes contributed by various Ministries, educational institutions, NGOs and national level institutions such as IGNOU, NCERT, UGC, IITs and open universities. Each station has a range of about 70 km radius, which covers the entire city/town as well as the surrounding area. Gyan Vani serves as an ideal medium for niche listeners and for addressing local educational, developmental and socio-cultural requirements. The programmes are in English, Hindi and the language of the region. The broadcast duration varies from stations to station, and is in the range of 8-12 hours.

IRC

Besides, IGNOU and All India Radio run a collaborative venture called interactive radio counselling (IRC). Each Sunday, from 4 p.m. to 5 p.m., IRC is available on 189 radio stations. The programmes are produced in Hindi and English and the AIR stations broadcast IRC in the language suited to their region.

The IRC programmes are prepared by IGNOU. On fourth Sunday of every month the State Open Universities conduct IRCs from Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Bangalore, Patna, Jaipur, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Mumbai.

CIET: Central Institute of Educational Technology, a constituent of NCERT

CEC: Consortium of Educational Communication, an inter-university center under UGC

TTTIs: Technical Teachers’ Training Institutes

GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, was a communications satellite which was launched on 20 September 2004 by the Indian Space Research Organisation. EDUSAT is the first Indian satellite built exclusively to serve the educational sector. It is mainly intended to meet the demand for an interactive satellite-based distance education system for the country

EDUSAT carries five K_u band transponders providing spot beams, one K_u band transponder providing a national beam and six extended C band transponders providing national coverage beams.

EDUSAT was successfully launched into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit on the first operational launch of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, which flew from the First Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. EDUSAT was initially placed into a transfer orbit with a perigee of 180 kilometres (110 mi) and an apogee of 35,985 kilometres (22,360 mi) and a period of 10.5 hours, inclined at 19.2 degrees to the equator.

EDUSAT was decommissioned in September 2010 and relocated to a graveyard orbit

2. Match List - I with List-Il and select the correct answer from the code given below:

List - I (Institutions) List - II (Locations)

(a) The Indian Council of Historical (i) Shimla

Research (ICHR)

(b) The Indian Institute of Advanced (ii) New Delhi

Studies (IIAS)

(c) The Indian Council of Philosophical (iii) Banglore

Research (ICPR)

(d) The Central Institute of Coastal (iv) Lucknow

Engineering for fisheries

a b c d

(A) ii i iv iii

(B) i ii iii iv

(C) ii iv i iii

(D) iv iii ii i

Answer A

Councils

1. Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)

The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) was established in 1969 for promoting social science research, strengthening different disciplines, improving quality and quantum of research and its utilization in national policy formulation. To realize these objectives, the ICSSR envisaged development of institutional infrastructure, identifying research talents, formulating research programmes, supporting professional organizations and establishing linkages with social scientists in other countries. The ICSSR provides maintenance and development grants to various Research Institutes and Regional Centres across the country. Regional Centres have been set-up as extended arms of the ICSSR to support research and development of local talents and its programmes and activities in a decentralized manner.

Since 1976, the ICSSR has been carrying out surveys of research in different disciplines of social sciences.

With a view to give special emphasis to the promotion of social science research in the North Eastern Region, initiatives have been taken in the ICSSR to support research proposals and other activities.

2. Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR)

Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR) was set up in 1977 by the Ministry of Education, Government of India as an autonomous organization for the promotion of research in Philosophy and allied discipline. The ICPR was born out of the conviction that Indian philosophy tradition deserves to have an exclusive and special agency in the country.

The Council has a broad-based membership comprising of distinguished philosophers, social scientists, representatives of the University Grants Commission, Indian Council of Social Science Research, Indian Council of Historic Research, Indian National Science Academy, the Central Government and the Government of Uttar Pradesh. The Governing Body (GB) and the Research Project Committee (RPC) are the main authorities of the council. These bodies are vested with well defined powers and functions.

3. Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy & Culture (PHISPC)

PHISPC was launched in the year 1990 under the aegis of Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR) with the basic objective of undertaking inter-disciplinary study so that inter-connection between Science, Philosophy and Culture as developed in the long history of Indian civilization, could be brought out in detail. From April 1, 1997, PHISPC was officially de-linked from Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR) for a greater autonomy to complete the Project by the stipulated period, and is now affiliated to Centre for Studies in Civilizations (CSC). Government of India has recognized CSC as the nodal agency for the purposes of funding the ongoing research project, PHISPC.

The major programme of PHISPC is to publish several volumes on the theme mentioned in the 'Introduction'.

4. Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR)

Indian Council of Historical Research is an autonomous organization which was established under Societies Registration Act (Act XXI of 1860) in 1972. The prime objectives of the Council are to give a proper direction to historical research and to encourage and foster objective and scientific writing of history. The broad aims of the Council are to bring historians together, provide a forum for exchange of views between them, give a national direction to an objective and rational presentation interpretation of history, to sponsor historical research programmes and projects and to assist institutions and organizations engaged in historical research. It has a broad view of history so as to include in its fold the history of Science and Technology, Economy, Art, Literature, Philosophy, Epigraphy, Numismatics, Archaeology, Socio-Economic formation processes and allied subjects containing strong historical bias and contents.

The ICHR has established two Regional Centres, one at Bangalore and the other at Guwahati with a view to reach out the far flung areas of the country.

5. National Council of Rural Institutes (NCRI)

The National Council of Rural Institute is a registered autonomous society fully funded by the Central Government. It was established on October 19, 1995 with its Headquarters at Hyderabad. Its main objectives are to promote rural higher education on the lines of Mahatma Gandhi’s vision for education so as to take up challenges of micro planning for transformation of rural areas as envisaged in National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986. In order to achieve its objectives, the NCRI has been identifying various programmes for providing support and financial assistance, to be taken up by suitable institutions including voluntary organizations.

3. Which of the following is not a Fundamental Right?

(A) Right to equality

(B) Right against exploitation

(C) Right of free compulsory education of all children upto the age of 14

(D) All the above

Answer all of above are Fundamental Rights
The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the Eighty-Sixth Amendment of 2002

Article 21A – On 2 April 2010, India joined a group of few countries in the world, with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force. Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6–14 age group, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present. This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications.

The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act. Children, who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution, will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6–14 age group get schooling. As per the Act, private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society. The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55:45, while the Finance Commission has given Rs.250 billion to the States for implementing the Act. The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs.150 billion for 2010–2011.

The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop-outs or out-of-school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training.

4. The Lok - Sabha can be dissolved before the expiry of its normal five year term by:

(A) The Prime Minister

(B) The Speaker of Lok Sabha

(C) The President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister

(D) None of the above

Answer C

the President of India cannot dissolve the Houses of Parliament by his discretion.

A little more insight:

Apart from term getting over, President of India can dissolve only Lok Sabha and that too, not by his discretion (Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber). He can dissolve the Lok Sabha in the following two cases:

When No Confidence Motion is passed in the Parliament: This means that the government has lost the confidence of Parliament and it must resign. Now the President must explore the possibility of forming a government which enjoys the support of Lok Sabha. If that’s not possible, he has to dissolve the Lok Sabha and fresh elections are called.
When the Prime Minister himself advises the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha and call for fresh elections.

Also, there is no such thing as President’s rule at Centre. President rule is only for the states.

June 2006

1. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from his office under Article:

(A) 125

(B) 352

(C) 226

(D) 324

Answer D
The President of India (based on a recommendation from incumbent Govt of India) appoints the Chief Election Commissioner. Conventionally, senior-most Election Commissioner is appointed as CEC. He has tenure of six years, or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. He enjoys the same official status, salary and perks as available to judges of the Supreme Court of India and High court. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed only through impeachment by the Parliament

By the "Election Commission (Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business) Act, 1991", the salary of the chief election commissioner is the same as salary of a Judge of Supreme Court of India..

The provisions about the Election Commission are contained in Part XV of the Constitution Article 324(5) which provides for conditions of service and tenure of office is of special relevance. It reads as follows:

“(5) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Election Commissioners and the Regional Commissioners shall be such as the President may by rule determine:

Provided that the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court and the conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment:

Provided further that any other Election Commissioner or a Regional Commissioner shall not be removed from office except on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.”

2. Who among the following can be asked to make a statement in Indian Parliament?

(A) Any MLA

(B) Chief of Army Staff

(C) Solicitor General of India

(D) Mayor of Delhi

Answer C
The Solicitor General of India is below the Attorney General for India, who is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. The Solicitor General of India is appointed for the period of 3 years. The Solicitor General of India is the secondary law officer of the country, assists the Attorney General, and is himself assisted by several Additional Solicitors General of India. Ranjit Kumar is the present Solicitor General who was appointed so on 7 June 2014 Like the Attorney General for India, the Solicitor General and the Additional Solicitors General advise the Government and appear on behalf of the Union of India in terms of the Law Officers (Terms and Conditions) Rules, 1972. However, unlike the post of Attorney General for India, which is a Constitutional post under Article 76 of the Constitution of India, the posts of the Solicitor General and the Additional Solicitors General are merely statutory. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet appoints the Solicitor General. Whereas Attorney General for India is appointed by the President under Article 76(1) of the Constitution, the solicitor general of India is appointed to assist the attorney general along with four additional solicitors general by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet. The proposal for appointment of Solicitor General, Additional Solicitor General is generally moved at the, level of Joint secretary/Law Secretary in the Department of Legal Affairs and after obtaining the approval of the Minister of Law & Justice, the proposal is sent to the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet for its approval.

3. Which of the following conclusions is logically valid based on statement given below?

Statement: Most of the Indian states existed before independence.

Conclusions:

(I) Some Indian States existed before independence.

(II) All Indian States did not exist before independence.

(A) only (I) is implied

(B) only (II) is implied

(C) Both (I) and (II) are implied

(D) Neither (I) nor (II) is implied

Answer B

4. What is the name of the Research station established by the Indian Government for 'Conducting Research at Antarctic?

(A) Dakshin Gangotri

(B) Yamunotri

(C) Uttari Gangotri

(D) None of the above

Answer A

Dakshin Gangotri was the first scientific base station of India situated in Antarctica, part of the Indian Antarctic Program. It is located at a distance of 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) from the South Pole. It is currently being used as a supply base and transit camp. The Dakshin Gangotri Glacier is named after the base.

It was established during the third Indian expedition to Antarctica in 1983–84. This was the first time an Indian team spent a winter in Antarctica to carry out scientific works. The station was built in eight weeks by an 81-member team. Construction was completed late into January 1984 with help from the Indian army and Indian Republic Day was celebrated at the station along with the Soviets and East Germans

5. Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD) includes:

(A) Department of Elementary Education and Literacy

(B) Department of Secondary Education and Higher Education

(C) Department of Women and Child Development

(D) All the above

Answer D

6. Parliament can legislate on matters listed in the State list:

(A) With the prior permission of the President.

(B) Only after the constitution is amended suitably.

(C) In case of inconsistency among State legislatures.

(D) At the request of two or more States.

Answer D

Powers of the Union Parliament to legislate on State List subjects

The Parliament can make laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List in the following circumstances:

1. When a resolution is passed by the Rajya Sabha by two-thirds majority making it lawful for the Parliament to legislate on a subject mentioned in the State List in national interest (Art.249).

2. When a proclamation of emergency is in operation, the Parliament has the power to make laws for the whole or any part of India on any of the matters stated in the State List (Art.250).

3. When two or more States give their consent and pass resolutions for the same in their respective Legislatures to enable the Parliament to make a law on any matter listed in the State List (Art.252). Any such law will be applicable to only those States which have passed such resolution, not to all states.

4. The Parliament has the power to make laws for the whole or any part of India for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or any decision made at any international conference etc. (Art.253)

Residuary powers of the Parliament

As per article 248, Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not listed in the Concurrent List or State List. This power of the Parliament is known as its residuary power of legislation.

Exclusive powers of the Rajya Sabha

The Rajya Sabha enjoys two exclusive powers:

1. As per Article 249, the Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution by two thirds majority of its members for declaring a State List subject of national importance. Such a resolution empowers the Parliament to legislate on such State subject for a period of one year.

2. The Rajya Sabha also has the power to create one or more new All India Service by passing a resolution with two thirds majority of its members. It can discontinue an existing All India Service as well.

7. Which of the following institutions in the field of education is set up by the MHRD Government of India?

(A) Indian council of world Affair, New Delhi

(B) Mythic Society, Bangalore

(C) National Bal Bhawn, New Delhi

(D) India International Centre, New Delhi

Answer C

Located at Kotla Road, near I.T.O., New Delhi, it caters to children between the age group of 5 to 16 years. Bal Bhavan is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)
(Approved by the Bal Bhavan Board in its 127th Meeting held on 9/10/1995 with the approval of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (Department of Education)

December 2006

1. The University Grants Commission was constituted on the recommendation of:

(A) Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Commission

(B) Mudaliar Commission

(C) Sargent Commission

(D) Kothari Commission

Answer A

2. Which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India safeguards the rights of Minorities to establish and run educational institutions of their own liking?

(A) Article 19

(B) Article 29

(C) Article 30

(D) Article 31

Answer C

Article 30 in The Constitution Of India 1949: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions

(1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice

(1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause ( 1 ), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause

(2) The state shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language

Some Important Articles of the Constitution of India

Let us now look at some of the important articles of the Constitution of India and what they deal with.

ARTICLE	DEALS WITH
1	Name and Territory of Union
3	New States Formation, Alteration of Boundaries etc.
13	Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights
14	Equality before Law (popularly known as Right to Equality)
15	Prohibition of Discrimination (on basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth)
16	Equality in case of Public Employment
17	Abolition of Untouchability
18	Abolition of Titles
19	Protection of Certain Rights to Freedom (popularly known as Right to Freedom)
19a	Freedom of Speech & Expression
19b	Right to Peaceful Assembly
19c	Freedom of Association
19d	Right to Move Freely through India
19e	Freedom of Settlement & Residence
19f	(Omitted as a fundamental right – governed by article 300A.) Right to Own Personal Property.
19g	Freedom to Practise any Profession, Occupation, Trade or Business
21	Right to Life and Personal Liberty
21A	Right to Education
23	Prohibition of Human Trafficking and Forced Labour
24	Prohibition of Child Labour
25	Freedom to Practise & Propagate Religion Freely
29	Protection of Interests of Minorities
32	Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights including writs
44	Uniform Civil Code
50	Separation of Judiciary from Executive
51	Promotion of International Peace and Security
51A	Fundamental Duties
72	Powers of President to Grant Pardons etc.
76	Attorney-General of India
78	Duties of Prime Minister
85	Sessions of Parliament, Prorogation and Dissolution
93	The Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
100	Voting in Houses
105	Powers, Privileges etc. of Members of Parliament
106	Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament
108	Joint Sitting of both Houses of Parliament
109-110	Money Bills
112	Budget
123	President’s Power to Promulgate Ordinance while Parliament in Recess
127	Appointment of ad hoc Judges in the Supreme Court
139	Supreme Court’s Powers to Issue Certain Writs
141	Supreme Court’s Law Binding on All Courts
148-149	Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
155	Appointment of Governor
161	Power of Governors to Grant Pardon etc.
165	Advocate-General for the State
167	Duties of Chief Minister
224	Appointment of Additional & Acting Judges in High Courts
224A	Appointment of Retired Judges in High Courts
226	Power of High Courts to issue writs
280	Finance Commission
312	All India Services
324	Election Commission
335	SCs and STs claim to Services and Posts
343	Official Language
352	National Emergency
356	President’s Rule in case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery in States
360	Financial Emergency
368	Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution
370	Temporary provisions with respect to the state of Jammu and Kashmir

3. Match List - I (Institutions) with List - II (Functions) and select the correct answer by using the code given below:

List - I (Institutions) List - II (Functions)

(a) Parliament (i) Formulation of Budget

(b) C & A.G. (ii) Enactment of Budget

(c) Ministry of Finance (iii) Implementation of Budget

(d) Executing Departments (iv) Legality of expenditure
(v) Justification of Income

Code:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)

(B) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

(C) (v) (iii) (iv) (ii)

(D) (iv) (ii) (iii) (v)

Answer B

4. Foundation training to the newly recruited IAS (Probationers) is imparted by:

(A) Indian Institute of Public Administration

(B) Administrative Staff College of India

(C) L.B.S. National Academy of Administration

(D) Centre for Advanced Studies

Answer C

5. Electoral disputes arising out of Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections are settled by:

(A) Election Commission of India

(B) Joint Committee of Parliament

(C) Supreme Court of India

(D) Central Election Tribunal

Answer C

6. Human Development Report for ‘each’ of the year at global level has been published by:

(A) UNDP

(B) WTO

(C) IMF

(D) World Bank

Answer A

United Nations Development Programme

UNDP works in about 170 countries and territories, helping to achieve the eradication of poverty, and the reduction of inequalities and exclusion. We help countries to develop policies, leadership skills, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities and build resilience in order to sustain development results.

This is a critical time for the world. At UNDP, we see this period as a huge opportunity to advance the global sustainable development agenda. In September 2015, world leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. UNDP is working to strengthen new frameworks for development, disaster risk reduction and climate change. We support countries' efforts to achieve the new Sustainable Development Goals, or Global Goals, which will guide global development priorities through 2030.

UNDP focuses on helping countries build and share solutions in three main areas:

Sustainable development
Democratic governance and peacebuilding
Climate and disaster resilience

In all our activities, we encourage the protection of human rights and the empowerment of women, minorities and the poorest and most vulnerable.

The annual Human Development Report, commissioned by UNDP, focuses the global debate on key development issues, providing new measurement tools, innovative analysis and often controversial policy proposals. The global Report's analytical framework and inclusive approach carry over into regional, national and local Human Development Reports, also supported by UNDP.

UNDP role in UN coordination

UN coordination is a key priority for UNDP and a commitment in our Strategic Plan. The UNDP Administrator is the Chair of the UN Development Group (UNDG), which unites the funds, programmes, specialized agencies, departments and offices of the UN system that play a role in development. Created by former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and endorsed by the General Assembly, the UNDG seeks to ‘facilitate joint policy formulation, encourage programmatic collaboration and realize management efficiencies’ among UN agencies.

At the country level, this interagency structure is embedded in the Resident Coordinator System (RCS), which encompasses all organizations of the United Nations system with operational activities for development. The RCS is managed by UNDP on behalf of the entire system. The Resident Coordinator function is carried by the UNDP Resident Representative. As the designated representative of the Secretary-General, the Resident Coordinator is the leader of the UN Country Team (UNCT) and plays a central role in coordinating the UN’s development operations and ensuring alignment with national priorities. UNDP provides the lion’s share of the resources needed to maintain the RC system in over 130 countries. The remainder of the RCS funding comes from a cost-sharing arrangement between all participating agencies.

UNDP also administers the UN Capital Development Fund, which helps developing countries grow their economies by supplementing existing sources of capital assistance by means of grants and loans; and UN Volunteers, which fields over 6,000 volunteers from 160 countries in support of peace and development through volunteerism worldwide.

June 2007

1. Value education makes a student:

(A) Good citizen

(B) Successful businessman

(C) Popular teacher

(D) Efficient manager

Answer A

Value education

One definition refers to it as the process that gives young people an initiation into values, giving knowledge of the rules needed to function in this mode of relating to other people, and to seek the development in the student a grasp of certain underlying principles, together with the ability to apply these rules intelligently, and to have the settled disposition to do so Some researchers use the concept values education as an umbrella of concepts that includes moral education and citizenship education Themes that values education can address to varying degrees are character, moral development, Religious Education, Spiritual development, citizenship education, personal development, social development and cultural development.

There is a further distinction between explicit values education and implicit values education where:

explicit values education is associated with those different pedagogies, methods or programmes that teachers or educators use in order to create learning experiences for students when it comes to value questions.

Another definition of value education is "learning about self and wisdom of life" in a self exploratory, systematic and scientific way through formal education.

Living Values Education Programme (LVEP)

This project of worldwide proportions inspired by the new religious movement called the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University incorporates twelve values (unity, peace, happiness, hope, humility, simplicity, trust, freedom, co-operation, honesty, courage, love), and has formed the basis of thekiss whole-school ethos approach in schools such as West Kidlington Primary School, Kidlington whose head master Neil Hawkes and Values education coordinators Linda Heppenstall used the work and other programmes to help them form a values-based school. The LVEP website lists 54 countries where values education projects are undertaken.

Human Values Foundation

The Human Values Foundation was established in 1995 to make available worldwide, a comprehensive values-themed programme for children from 4 to 12 years entitled "Education in Human Values". Its fully resourced lesson plans utilise familiar teaching techniques of discussion, story-telling, quotations, group singing, activities to reinforce learning and times of quiet reflection. Following the success of "EHV", a second programme was published – Social and Emotional Education ("SEE"), primarily for ages 12 to 14+ but it has also proved constructive for older children identified as likely to benefit from help getting their lives 'back on track'. The programmes enable children and young people to explore and put into practice a wide spectrum of values with the potential to enrich their lives. Through the experiential learning, over time participants develop a well considered personal morality, all the while gaining invaluable emotional and social skills to help them lead happy, fulfilled, successful lives.

The Indian Government currently promote Values education in its schools. The Ministry of Human Resource Development has taken strong step to introduce values among schools and teachers training centers. Also India is known as the land of introducing values. In India From the leadership of B. Shaji Kumar, New Golden Education Trust (NGET) Values Based Education has progressing throughout the country among schools from first standard to twelve std class.

2. Networking of libraries through electronic media is known as:

(A) Inflibnet

(B) Libinfnet

(C) Internet

(D) HTML

Answer A

INFLIBNET Centre (Information and Library Network Centre) is an autonomous Inter-University Centre of the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India under Ministry of HRD (MHRD) located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The centre was initially started as a national project under IUCAA in March, 1991. It became an independent Inter-University Centre in June 1996.

INFLIBNET is involved in modernizing university libraries in India and connecting them as well as information centres in the country through a nationwide high speed data network using the state-of-art technologies for the optimum utilization of information. INFLIBNET is set out to be a major player in promoting scholarly communication among academicians and researchers in India.

3. The University which telecasts interactive educational programmes through its own channel is:

(A) B. R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad

(B) I.G.N.O.U.

(C) University of Pune

(D) Annamalai University

Answer B

4. The Government established the University Grants Commission by an Act of Parliament in the year:

(A) 1980

(B) 1948

(D) 1956

Answer D

5. Universities having central campus for imparting education are called:

(A) Central Universities

(B) Deemed Universities

(C) Residential Universities

(D) Open Universities

Answer A

December 2007

1. The first Indian Satellite for serving the educational sector is known as:

(A) SATEDU

(B) INSAT - B

(C) EDUSAT

(D) INSAT-C

Answer C

2. Exclusive educational channel of IGNOU is known as:

(A) GyanDarshan

(B) Cyan Vani

(C) DoorDarshan

(D) Prasar Bharati

Answer A

3. The head quarter of Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya is situated in:

(A) Sevagram

(B) New Delhi

(C) Wardha

(D) Ahmedabad

Answer C
Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya (English: Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University, Hindi: महात्मा गांधी अंतरराष्ट्रीय हिंदी विश्वविद्यालय) is a Central University located in Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

4. Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:

List-I List-II

(Institutes) (Locations)

(a) Central Institute of English (i) Chitrakoot and Foreign Languages

(b) Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya (ii) Hyderabad

(c) Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies (iii) New Delhi

(d) IGNOU (iv) Dharmasala

Codes:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)

(B) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

(C) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

(D) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)

Answer A

5. The aim of vocationalization of education is:

(A) preparing students for a vocation along with knowledge

(B) converting liberal education into vocational education

(C) giving more importance to vocational than general education

(D) making liberal education job-oriented

Answer D
Vocational education is concerned with the training on vocation. It is related to productivity. Vocational education prepares individuals for jobs. It has adequate employment potentialities. It helps in broadening of horizon. It leads to dignity of labour. It is helpful in the maximum utilisation of the material resources of the country.

June 2008

1. NAAC is an autonomous institution under the aegis of:

(A) ICSSR

(B) CSIR

(C) AICTE

(D) UGC

Answer D

2. National Council for Women's Education was established in:

(A) 1958

(B) 1976

(D) 2000

Answer A

Durgābāi Deshmukh, Lady Deshmukh (15 July 1909 – 9 May 1981) was an Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, social worker and politician. She was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India and of the Planning Commission of India.

She was the first chairperson of the National Council on Women's Education, established by the Government of India in 1958. In 1959, the committee presented its recommendations, as follows:

"The Centre and State Governments should give priority to the education of girls.
In the central ministry of education, a department of women's education should be created.
For proper education of girls, a Director of Women's Education should be appointed in each state.
Co-education should be properly organised at higher level of education.
The University Grants Commission should specify a definite amount separately for the education of girls.
In the first phase of development, provision of free education should be made for girls up to Class VIII
Facilities in the choice of optional subjects should be made available for girls.
Girls should get training facilities on a liberal basis.
Education of Girls should be given due encouragement in rural areas.
A large number of seats in various services should be reserved for them.
Programmes for the development of adult women's education should be properly initiated and encouraged."

To commemorate her legacy Andhra University, Visakhapatnam has named its Department of Women Studies as Dr. Durgabai Deshmukh Centre for Women's Studies.

3. Which one of the following is not situated in New Delhi?

(A) Indian Council of Cultural Relations

(B) Indian Council of Scientific Research

(C) National Council of Educational Research and Training

(D) Indian Institute of Advanced Studies

Answer D
The Indian Institute of Advanced Study (IIAS) is a research institute based in Shimla, India. It was set up by the Ministry of Education, Government of India in 1964 and it started functioning from 20 October 1965

4. Autonomy in higher education implies freedom in:

(A) Administration

(B) Policy-making

(C) Finance

(D) Curriculum development

Answer D

5. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below:

List-I (Institutions) List-II (Locatio ns)

(a) Dr. Hari Singh Gour University (i) Mumbai

(b) S.N.D.T. University (ii) Baroda

(c) M.S. University (iii) Jodhpur

(d) J.N. Vyas University (iv) Sagar

Codes:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

(B) (i) (ii) (vi) (iv)

(C) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

(D) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

Answer A

December 2008

1. According to Radhakrishnan Commission, the aim of Higher Education is:

(A) To develop the democratic values, peace and harmony

(B) To develop great personalities who can give their contributions in politics, administration, industry and commerce

(C) Both (A) and (B)

(D) None of these

Answer C

2. The National Museum at New Delhi is attached to:

(A) Delhi University

(B) a Deemed University

(C) a Subordinate Office of the JNU

(D) Part of Ministry of Tourism and Culture

Answer D

On August 15, 1949, the National Museum, New Delhi, was inaugurated in the Rashtrapati Bhawan by Shri R.C. Rajagopalachari, the Governor-General of India. The foundation of the present building was laid by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, on May 12, 1955. The first phase of the National Museumbuilding was formally inaugurated by Dr. SarvepalliRadhakrishnan, the Vice President of India, on December 18, 1960. The second phase of the building was completed in 1989.

While the Museum continued to grow its collection through gifts that were sought painstakingly, artefacts were collected through its Arts Purchase Committee. The Museum presently holds approximately 2,00,000 objects of a diverse nature, both Indian as well as foreign, and its holdings cover a time span of more than five thousand years of Indian cultural heritage.

The National Museum was initially looked after by the Director General of Archaeology until 1957, when the Ministry of Education, Government of India, declared it a separate institution and placed it under its own direct control. At present, the National Museum is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.

3. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below:

List-I List-II

(Institutions) (Locations)

(a) National Law Institute (i) Shimla

(b) Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (ii) Bhopal

(c) National Judicial Academy (iii) Hyderabad

(d) National Savings Institute (iv) Nagpur

Codes:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)

(B) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(C) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)

(D) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

Answer D

4. Election of Rural and Urban local bodies are conducted and ultimately supervised by:

(A) Election Commission of India

(B) State Election Commission

(C) District Collector and District Magistrate

(D) Concerned Returning Officer

Answer B

5. Which opinion is not correct?

(A) Education is a subject of concurrent list of VII schedule of Constitution of India

(B) University Grants Commission is a statutory body

(C) Patent, inventions, design, copyright and trademarks are the subject of concurrent list

(D) Indian Council of Social Science Research is a statutory body related to research in social sciences

Answer C

समवर्ती सूची

The Concurrent List or List-III (Seventh Schedule) is a list of 52 items (though the last item is numbered 47) given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government.

The 52 items currently on the list are:

1. Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the commencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power.

2. Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution.

3. Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons subjected to such detention.

4. Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in Entry 3 of this list.

5. Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy and succession; joint family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law.

6. Transfer of property other than agricultural land; registration of deeds and documents.

7. Contracts including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land.

8. Actionable wrongs.

9. Bankruptcy and insolvency.

10. Trust and Trustees.

11. Administrators – general and official trustees.

11-A. Administration of justice; constitution and Organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts.

12. Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and judicial proceedings.

13. Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration.

14. Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court.

15. Vagrancy; nomadic and migratory tribes.

16. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics and mental deficients.

17. Prevention of cruelty to animals.

17-A. Forests.

17-B. Protection of wild animals and birds.

18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods.

19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of Entry 59 of List I with respect to opium.

20. Economic and social planning.

20-A. Population control and family planning.

21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts.

22. Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes.

23. Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment.

24. Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers' liability, workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits.

25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of Entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour.

26. Legal, medical and other professions.

27. Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan.

28. Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions.

29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants.

30. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.

31. Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports.

32. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways.

33. Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of,-

(a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products

(b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils

(d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed; and

(e) raw jute.

33-A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards.

34. Price control.

35. Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are to be levied.

36. Factories.

37. Boilers.

38. Electricity.

39. Newspapers, books and printing presses.

40. Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.

41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property.

42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property.

43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State.

44. Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty.

45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III.

46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List.

47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.

Transferred Subjects

Through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 Five subjects were transferred from State to Concurrent List. They are:

Education
Forests
Weights & Measures
Protection of Wild Animals and Birds
Administration of Justice

June 2009

1. The Kothari Commission's report was entitled on:

(A) Education and National Development

(B) Learning to be adventure

(C) Diversification of Education

(D) Education and socialization in democracy

Answer A

2. Which of the following is not a Dualmode University?

(A) Delhi University

(B) Bangalore University

(C) Madras University

(D) Indira Gandhi National Open University

Answer D

3. Which part of the Constitution of India is known as "Code of Administrators”?

(A) Part I

(B) Part II

(C) Part III

(D) Part IV

Answer D

4. Which article of the constitution provides safeguards to Naga Customary and their social practices against any act of Parliament?

(A) Article 371 A

(B) Article 371 B

(C) Article 371 C

(D) Article 263

Answer A

5. Which one of the following is not the tool of good governance सुशासन?

(A) Right to information

(B) Citizens' Charter

(C) Social Auditing

(D) Judicial Activism

न्यायिक सक्रियताAnswer D

December 2009

1. The University which telecasts interaction educational programmes through its own channel is

(A) Osmania University

(B) University of Pune

(C) Annamalai University

(D) Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)

Answer D

2. Who has signed an MOU for Accreditation of Teacher Education Institutions in India?

(A) NAAC and UGC

(B) NCTE and NAAC

(C) UGC and NCTE

(D) NCTE and IGNOU

Answer B

3. The recommendation of National Knowledge Commission for the establishment of 1500 Universities is to

(A) create more teaching jobs

(B) ensure increase in student enrolment in higher education

(C) replace or substitute the privately managed higher education institutions by public institutions

(D) enable increased movement of students from rural areas to urban areas

Answer B

4. According to Article 120 of the Constitution of India, the business in Parliament shall be transacted in

(A) English only

(B) Hindi only

(C) English and Hindi both

(D) All the languages included in Eighth Schedule of the Constitution

Answer C

5. Which of the following is more interactive and student centric?

(A) Seminar

(B) Workshop

(C) Lecture

(D) Group Discussion

Answer D

6. The Parliament in India is composed of

(A) Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha

(B) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha & Vice President

(C) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha & President

(D) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha with their Secretariats

Answer C

7. The enrollment in higher education in India is contributed both by Formal System of Education and by System of Distance Education. Distance education contributes

(A) 50% of formal system

(B) 25% of formal system

(C) 10% of the formal system

(D) Distance education system’s contribution is not taken into account while considering the figures of enrollment in higher education
Answer B

8. Assertion (A): The U.G.C. Academic Staff Colleges came into existence to improve the quality of teachers.

Reason (R): University and college teachers have to undergo both orientation and refresher courses.

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation.

(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(C) (A) is correct and (R) is false.

(D) (A) is false and (R) is correct.

Answer A

June 2010

1. The Right to Information Act, 2005 makes the provision of

(A) Dissemination of all types of information by all Public authorities to any person.

(B) Establishment of Central, State and District Level Information Commissions as an appellate body.

(C) Transparency and accountability in Public authorities.

(D) All of the above

Answer D

2. The accreditation process by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) differs from that of National Board of Accreditation (NBA) in terms of

(A) Disciplines covered by both being the same, there is duplication of efforts.

(B) One has institutional grading approach and the other has programme grading approach.

(C) Once get accredited by NBA or NAAC, the institution is free from renewal of grading, which is not a progressive decision.

(D) This accreditation amounts to approval of minimum standards in the quality of education in the institution concerned.

Answer B

3. Which option is not correct?

(A) Most of the educational institutions of National repute in scientific and technical sphere fall

Under 64^th entry of Union list.

(B) Education, in general, is the subject of concurrent list since 42nd Constitutional Amendment

Act 1976.

(C) Central Advisory Board on Education (CABE) was first established in 1920.

(D) India had implemented the right to Free and Compulsory Primary Education in 2002 through 86^th Constitutional Amendment.

Answer C

4. Which statement is not correct about the “National Education Day” of India?

(A) It is celebrated on 5^th September every year.

(B) It is celebrated on 11^th November every year.

(C) It is celebrated in the memory of India’s first Union Minister of Education, Dr. Abul Kalam Azad.

(D) It is being celebrated since 2008

Answer A
National Education Day is an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958. National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year

5. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below:

List – I List – II

(Articles of the

Constitution) (Institutions)

(a) Article 280 (i) Administrative Tribunals

(b) Article 324 (ii) Election Commission of India

(c) Article 323 (iii) Finance Commission at Union level

(d) Article 315 (iv) Union Public Service Commission

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(B) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)

(C) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)

(D) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)

Answer A

6. Deemed Universities declared by UGC under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956, are not permitted to

(A) Offer programmes in higher education and issue degrees.

(B) give affiliation to any institute of higher education.

(C) open off-campus and off-shore campus anywhere in the country and overseas respectively without the permission of the UGC.

(D) offer distance education programmes without the approval of the Distance Education Council

Answer C

December 2010

1. India’s first Defense University is in the State of

(A) Haryana

(B) Andhra Pradesh

(C) Uttar Pradesh

(D) Punjab

Answer A

2. Most of the Universities in India

(A) conduct teaching and research only

(B) affiliate colleges and conduct examinations

(C) conduct teaching/research and examinations

(D) promote research only

Answer C

3. Which one of the following is not a Constitutional Body?

(A) Election Commission

(B) Finance Commission

(C) Union Public Service Commission

(D) Planning Commission

Answer D

4. Which one of the following statements is not correct?

(A) Indian Parliament is supreme.

(B) The Supreme Court of India has the power of judicial review.

(C) There is a division of powers between the Centre and the States.

(D) There is a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President.

Answer B

5. Which one of the following statements reflects the republic character of Indian democracy?

(A) Written Constitution

(B) No State religion

(C) Devolution of power to local Government institutions

(D) Elected President and directly or indirectly elected Parliament

Answer D

6. Who among the following appointed by the Governor can be removed by only the President of India?

6. राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त निम्नलिखित में से कौन भारत के केवल राष्ट्रपति द्वारा हटाया जा सकता है?

(A) Chief Minister of a State

(B) A member of the State Public Service Commission

(C) Advocate-General

(D) Vice-Chancellor of a State University

Answer B

June 2011

1. The first Open University in India was set up in the State of

(A) Andhra Pradesh

(B) Delhi

(C) Himachal Pradesh

(D) Tamil Nadu

Answer A

2. Most of the Universities in India are funded by

(A) the Central Government

(B) the State Governments

(C) the University Grants Commission

(D) Private bodies and Individuals

Answer C

3. Which of the following organizations looks after the quality of Technical and Management education in India ?

(A) NCTE

(B) MCI

(C) AICTE

(D) CSIR

Answer C

4. Consider the following statements :

Identify the statement which implies natural justice.

(A) The principle of natural justice is followed by the Courts.

(B) Justice delayed is justice denied.

(C) Natural justice is an inalienable right of a citizen

(D) A reasonable opportunity of being heard must be given.

Answer C

प्राकृतिक न्याय एक नागरिक का एक अतुलनीय अधिकार है

5. The President of India is

(A) The Head of State

(B) The Head of Government

(C) Both Head of the State and the Head of the Government

(D) None of the above

Answer A
The President of the Republic of India is the head of state of India and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.

The President is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament of India (both houses) and the Legislative Assemblies of each of India's states and territories, who themselves are all directly elected. The office-holder serves for a term of five years; there are no term limits. The oath of the President is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice of India, and in their absence, by the most senior judge of the Supreme Court of India.

Although the Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the President can exercise his powers directly or by subordinate authority,[3] with few exceptions, all of the executive powers vested in the President are, in practice, exercised by the Prime Minister with the help of the Council of Ministers. The President is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
भारत गणराज्य के राष्ट्रपति भारत राज्य और भारतीय सशस्त्र बलों के कमांडर-इन-चीफ हैं।

राष्ट्रपति अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से भारत के संसद (दोनों घरों) और भारत के प्रत्येक राज्य और प्रदेशों के विधान सभाओं को शामिल करते हुए एक चुनावी कॉलेज द्वारा निर्वाचित होते हैं, जो स्वयं सीधे निर्वाचित होते हैं। कार्यालय-धारक पांच साल की अवधि के लिए कार्य करता है; कोई अवधि की सीमा नहीं है राष्ट्रपति की शपथ भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश की उपस्थिति में ली जाती है, और उनकी अनुपस्थिति में, भारत के सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के सबसे वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीश द्वारा।

यद्यपि भारत के संविधान के अनुच्छेद 53 में कहा गया है कि राष्ट्रपति अपनी शक्तियां सीधे या अधीनस्थ प्राधिकारी द्वारा उपयोग कर सकते हैं, [3] कुछ अपवादों के साथ, राष्ट्रपति के पास निहित सभी कार्यकारी शक्तियां प्रथा में हैं, जो प्रधान मंत्री द्वारा प्रयोग की जाती हैं। मंत्रिपरिषद की सहायता राष्ट्रपति प्रधान मंत्री और मंत्रिमंडल की सलाह पर कार्य करने के लिए सम्मेलन से बाध्य है।

The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is also the chief advisor to the President of India and head of the Council of Ministers. They can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament (the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha), but has to be the leader of the political party, having a majority in the Lok Sabha.

भारत का प्रधान मंत्री सरकार का प्रमुख और भारत सरकार के कार्यकारी शाखा का नेता है। प्रधान मंत्री भारत के राष्ट्रपति और मंत्रिपरिषद के प्रमुख के मुख्य सलाहकार भी हैं। वे संसद के दो घरों (लोकसभा या राज्यसभा) के किसी भी सदस्य का सदस्य हो सकते हैं, लेकिन लोकसभा में बहुमत वाले राजनीतिक दल के नेता होना चाहिए।

6. Who among the following holds office during the pleasure of the President of India ?

(A) Chief Election Commissioner

(B) Comptroller and Auditor General of India

(C) Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission

(D) Governor of a State

Answer D

December 2011

1. The aim of value education to inculcate in students is

(A) the moral values

(B) the social values

(C) the political values

(D) the economic values

Answer A

2. Indicate the number of Regional Offices of University Grants Commission of India.

(A) 10

(B) 07

(C) 08

(D) 09

Answer B

3. One-rupee currency note in India bears the signature of

(A) The President of India

(B) Finance Minister of India

(C) Governor, Reserve Bank of India

(D) Finance Secretary of Government of India

Answer D

4. Match the List – I with the List – II and select the correct answer from the codes given below:

List – I (Commissions and Committees)	List – II (Year)
(a) First Administrative Reforms Commission	(i) 2005
(b) Paul H. Appleby Committee I	(ii) 1962
(c) K. Santhanam Committee	(iii) 1966
(d) Second Administrative Reforms Commission	(iv) 1953

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)

(B) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)

(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)

(D) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)

Answer B

5. Constitutionally the registration and recognition of political parties is the function performed by

(A) The State Election Commission of respective States

(B) The Law Ministry of Government of India

(C) The Election Commission of India

(D) Election Department of the State Governments

Answer C

6. The members of Gram Sabha are

(A) Sarpanch, Upsarpanch and all elected Panchas

(B) Sarpanch, Upsarpanch and Village level worker

(C) Sarpanch, Gram Sevak and elected Panchas

(D) Registered voters of Village Panchayat

Answer D

June 2012

1. Indian Institute of Advanced Study is located at

(A) Dharmshala

(B) Shimla

(C) Solan

(D) Chandigarh

Answer B

2. Indicate the number of Regional Offices of National Council of Teacher Education.

(A) 04

(B) 05

(C) 06

(D) 08

Answer A

3. Which of the following rights was considered the “Heart and Soul” of the Indian Constitution by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ?

(A) Freedom of Speech

(B) Right to Equality

(C) Right to Freedom of Religion

(D) Right to Constitutional Remedies

Answer D

4. Who among the following created the office of the District Collector in India ?

(A) Lord Cornwallis

(B) Warren Hastings

(C) The Royal Commission on Decentralisation

(D) Sir Charles Metcalfe

Answer B

5. The Fundamental Duties of a citizen include

(1) Respect for the Constitution, the National Flag and the National Anthem

(2) To develop the scientific temper.

(3) Respect for the Government.

(4) To protect Wildlife.

Choose the correct answer from the codes given below :

Codes :

(A) 1, 2 and 3

(B) 1, 2 and 4

(C) 2, 3 and 4

(D) 1, 3, 4 and 2

Answer B

6. The President of India takes oath

(A) to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India.

(B) to bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India.

(C) to uphold the Constitution and Laws of the country.

(D) to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law of the country.

Answer D

December 2012

1. Which of the following statement(s) is/are not correct about the Attorney General of India?

(1) The President appoints a person, who is qualified to be a Judge of a High Court, to be the Attorney General of India.

(2) He has the right of audience in all the Courts of the country.

(3) He has the right to take part in the proceedings of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

(4) He has a fixed tenure.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

Codes :

(A) 1 and 4

(B) 2, 3 and 4

(C) 3 and 4

(D) 3 only

Answer A

2. Which of the following prefix President Pranab Mukherjee desires to be discontinued while interacting with Indian dignitaries as well as in official notings ?

1. His Excellency 2. Mahamahim

3. Hon’ble 4. Shri/Smt.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

Codes :

(A) 1 and 3

(B) 2 and 3

(C) 1 and 2

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer C

3. Which of the following can be done under conditions of financial emergency?

1. State Legislative Assemblies can be abolished.

2. Central Government can acquire control over the budget and expenditure of States.

3. Salaries of the Judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court can be reduced.

4. Right to Constitutional Remedies can be suspended.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(A) 1, 2 and 3

(B) 2, 3 and 4

(C) 1 and 2

(D) 2 and 3

Answer D

4. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes given below:

List – I List – II

(a) Poverty Reduction Programme (i) Mid-day Meals

(b) Human Development Scheme (ii) Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)

(c) Social Assistance Scheme (iii) National Old Age Pension (NOAP)

(d) Minimum Need Scheme (iv) MNREGA

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)

(B) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)

(C) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

(D) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

Answer A

5. India has the highest number of students in colleges after

(A) the U.K.

(B) the U.S.A.

(C) Australia

(D) Canada

Answer B

June 2013

1. In which of the following categories the enrolment of students in higher education in 2010-11 was beyond the percentage of seats reserved?

(A) OBC students

(B) SC students

(C) ST students

(D) Women students

Answer A

2. Which one of the following statements is not correct about the University Grants Commission (UGC)?

(A) It was established in 1956 by an Act of Parliament.

(B) It is tasked with promoting and coordinating higher education.

(C) It receives Plan and Non-Plan funds from the Central Government.

(D) It receives funds from State Governments in respect of State Universities.

Answer D

3. Consider the statement which is followed by two arguments (I) and (II):

Statement:
Should India switch over to a two party system?

Arguments:
(I) Yes, it will lead to stability of Government.

(II) No, it will limit the choice of voters.

(A) Only argument (I) is strong.

(B) Only argument (II) is strong.

(C) Both the arguments are strong.

(D) Neither of the arguments is strong.

Answer C

4. Consider the statement which is followed by two arguments (I) and (II):

Statement:
Should persons with criminal background be banned from contesting elections?

Arguments:
(I) Yes, it will decriminalize politics.
(II) No, it will encourage the ruling party to file frivolous cases against their political opponents.

(A) Only argument (I) is strong.

(B) Only argument (II) is strong.

(C) Both the arguments are strong.

(D) Neither of the arguments is strong.

Answer A

5. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about a Judge of the Supreme Court of India?

1) A Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President of India.

2) He holds office during the pleasure of the President.

3) He can be suspended, pending an inquiry.

4) He can be removed for proven misbehaviors or incapacity.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(A) 1,2 and 3

(B) 1,3 and 4

(C) 1 and 3

(D) 1 and 4

Answer D

6. In the warrant of precedence, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha comes next only to

(A) The President

(B) The Vice-President

(C) The Prime Minister

(D) The Cabinet Ministers

Answer C

September 2013

1. Which of the following is/are a minority institution(s)?

1. Punjabi University, Patiala

2. Osmania University, Hyderabad

3. Kashmir University, Srinagar

4. St. Stephens College, Delhi

Select the correct answer from the code given below :

Codes :

(A) 1 and 2

(B) 2 and 4

(C) 2 only

(D) 4 only

Answer D

2. Which of the following statements are correct about the National Advisory Council (NAC) ?

1. The National Advisory Council is a statutory body.

2. It is headed by the Prime Minister of India.

3. It facilitates constant interaction with the leaders of civil society.

4. It provides policy and legislative inputs to the Government of India.

Select the correct answer from the code given below :

Codes :

(A) 1, 2 and 3

(B) 2, 3 and 4

(C) 1, 3 and 4

(D) 3 and 4

Answer D

3. Which of the following are voluntary provisions in the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) ?

1. Minimum age of 21 for contesting elections to Panchayats.

2. Indirect elections to the post of Chairperson of Panchayats at the intermediate and district levels.

3. Representation of Members of Parliament and State Legislature on Panchayati Raj institutions.

4. Reservation of seats for backward classes.

Select the correct answer from the code given below :

Codes :

(A) 1, 2 and 4

(B) 2, 3 and 4

(C) 1, 2 and 3

(D) 3 and 4

Answer D

4. In which of the following States the segment of population, which is in majority, enjoys the benefit of reservation of seats in the State Assembly ?

(A) Meghalaya and Mizoram

(B) Assam and Nagaland

(C) Madhya Pradesh and Assam

(D) Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh

Answer A

5. Which of the following are the ways of acquiring Indian citizenship ?

1. Birth

2. Descent

3. Naturalisation

4. Incorporation of territory

Select the correct answer from the code given below :

Codes :

(A) 1 and 2

(B) 1 and 4

(C) 1, 2 and 3

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer D

6. Which of the following statements about the Union Public Service Commission are correct ?

1. UPSC is a Constitutional body.

2. It serves as an advisory body.

3. It is called upon to advise the Government in regard to representation of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Civil Service.

4. It is consulted on appointments of Chairman and members of Tribunals and Commissions.

Select the correct answer from the code given below :

Codes :

(A) 1, 2 and 3

(B) 1, 2 and 4

(C) 1, 3 and 4

(D) 1 and 2

Answer D

December 2013

1. Which one of the following Councils has been disbanded in 2013?

(A) Distance Education Council (DEC)

(B) National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)

(C) National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

(D) National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)

Answer A

2. Which of the following statements are correct about the National Assessment and Accreditation Council?

1. It is an autonomous institution.

2. It is tasked with the responsibility of assessing and accrediting institutions of higher education.

3. It is located in Delhi.

4. It has regional offices.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes :

(A) 1 and 3

(B) 1 and 2

(C) 1, 2 and 4

(D) 2, 3 and 4

Answer B

3. The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes between two or more States falls under its

(A) Advisory Jurisdiction

(B) Appellate Jurisdiction

(C) Original Jurisdiction

(D) Writ Jurisdiction

Answer C

4. Which of the following statements are correct?

(1) There are seven Union Territories in India.

(2) Two Union Territories have Legislative Assemblies

(3) One Union Territory has a High Court.

(4) One Union Territory is the capital of two States.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below

(A) 1 and 3 only

(B) 2 and 4 only

(C) 2, 3 and 4 only

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer D

5. Which of the following statements are correct about the Central Information Commission?

(1) The Central Information Commission is a statutory body.

(2) The chief Information Commissioner and other Information Commissioners are appointed by the president of India.

(3) The Commission can impose a penalty upto a maximum of Rs 25,000

(4) It can punish an errant officer.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 1, 2 and 4

(C) 1, 2 and 3

(D) 2, 3 and 4

Answer C

6. Who among the following conducted the CNN-IBN - The Hindu 2013 Election Tracker Survey across 267 constituencies in 18 States?

(A) The Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS)

(B) The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR)

(C) CNN and IBN

(D) CNN, IBN and The Hindu

Answer A

June 2014

1. Who among the following is the defacto executive head of the planning Commission?

(A) Chairman

(B) Deputy Chairman

(C) Minister of State of Planning

(D) Member Secretary

Answer B

2. Education as a subject of legislation figures in the

(A) Union List

(B) State List

(C) Concurrent List

(D) Residuary Powers

Answer C

3. Which of the following are Central Universities?

1. Pondicherry University

2. Vishwa Bharati

3. H.N.B. Garhwal University

4. Kurukshetra University

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

(A) 1, 2 and 3

(B) 1, 3 and 4

(C) 2, 3 and 4

(D) 1, 2 and 4

Answer A

4. Consider the statement which Is followed by two arguments (i) and (ii).

Statement:
India should have a very strong and powerful Lokpal.

Arguments:
(i) Yes, it will go a long in eliminating corruption in bureaucracy.
(ii) No; it will discourage honest officers from making quick decisions.

Codes:

(A) Only argument (i) is strong.

(B) Only argument (ii) is strong.

(C) Both the arguments are strong.

(D) Neither of the arguments is strong.

Answer A

5. Which of the following universities has adopted the meta university concept?

(A) Assam University

(B) Delhi University

(C) Hyderabad University

(D) Pondicherry University

Answer B

6. Which of the following statements are correct about a Central University?

1. Central University is established under an Act of Parliament.

2. The President of India acts as the visitor of the University.

3. President has the power to nominate some members to the Executive Committee or the Board of Management of the University.

4. The President occasionally presides over the meetings of the Executive Committee or Court.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Codes:

(A) 1, 2 and 4

(B) 1, 3 and 4

(C) 1, 2 and 3

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer C

December 2014

1. The maximum number of fake institutions / universities as identified by the UGC in the year 2014 are in the State / Union territory of

(A) Bihar

(B) Uttar Pradesh

(C) Tamil Nadu

(D) Delhi

Answer B

2. Which of the following institutions are empowered to confer or grant degrees under the UGC Act, 1956?

(1) A university established by an Act of Parliament.

(2) A university established by an Act of Legislature.

(3) A university / institution established by a linguistic minority.

(4) An institution which is a deemed to be university.

Select the correct answers from the codes given below:

(A) 1 and 2

(B) 1, 2 and 3

(C) 1, 2 and 4

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer C

3. MOOC stands for

(A) Media Online Open Course

(B) Massachusetts Open Online Course

(C) Massive Open Online Course

(D) Myrind Open Online Course

Answer C

4. Which of the following are the tools of good governance?

1. Social Audit

2. Separation of Powers

3. Citizen’s Charter

4. Right to Information

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) 1, 3 and 4

(B) 2, 3 and 4

(C) 1 and 4

(D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Answer D

5. Right to privacy as a Fundamental Right is implied in

(A) Right to Freedom

(B) Right to Life and Personal Liberty

(C) Right to Equality

(D) Right against Exploitation

Answer B

6. Which of the following organizations deals with “capacity building programe” on Educational Planning?

(A) NCERT

(B) UGC

(C) NAAC

(D) NUEPA

Answer D

7. Which of the following powers, the President has in relation to Lok Sabha?

(1) Summoning

(2) Adjournment- sine die

(3) Prorogation

(4) Dissolution

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) 1 and 4

(B) 1, 2 and 3

(C) 1, 3 and 4

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer B

8. The interval between two sessions of parliament must not exceed

(A) 3 months

(B) 6 months

(C) 4 months

(D) 100 days

Answer B

June 2015

1. The session of the parliament is summoned by
(A) The President
(B) The Prime Minister
(C) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
(D) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabh
Answer A

2. Civil Service Day is celebrated in India on
(A) 21st April
(B) 24th April
(C) 21st June
(D) 7th July
Answer A

3. The South Asia University is situated in the city of
(A) Colombo
(B) Dhaka
(C) New Delhi
(D) Kathmandu
Answer C

4.The University Grants Commission was established with which of the following aims
a) Promotion of research and development in higher education
b) Identifying and sustaining institutions of potential learning
c) Capacity building of teachers
d) Providing autonomy to each and every higher educational institution in India

(A) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
(B) (a), (b) and (c)
(C) (b), (c) and (d)
(D) (a), (b) and (d)
Answer B

5.The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in institutions of higher education in India at present (2015) is about
(A) 8 percent
(B) 12 percent
(C) 19 percent
(D) 23 percent
Answer C

6. The total number of central universities in India in April 2015 was
(A) 8
(B) 14
(C) 27
(D) 43
Answer D

December 2015

1. Which of the following are the objectives of Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)?

(a) To improve the overall quality of state institutions.

(b) To ensure adequate availability of quality faculty.

(c) To create new institutions through upgradation of existing autonomous colleges.

(d) To downgrade universities with poor infrastructure into autonomous colleges.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

(B) (a), (b) and (c)

(C) (a), (c) and (d)

(D) (a), (b) and (d)

Answer B

2. The grounds on which discrimination in admission to educational institutions is constitutionally prohibited are

(a) Religion

(b) Sex

(c) Place of birth

(d) Nationality

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) (b), (c) and (d)

(B) (a), (b) and (c)

(C) (a), (b) and (d)

(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer B

3. Which of the following statements are correct about Lok Sabha ?

(a) The Constitution puts a limit on the size of the Lok Sabha.

(b) The size and shape of the Parliamentary Constituencies is determined by the Election Commission.

(c) First - past - the Post electoral system is followed.

(d) The Speaker of Lok Sabha does not have a casting vote in case of an equality of votes.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) (a) and (c)

(B) (a), b) and (c)

(C) (a), (c) and (d)

(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer A

4. Public Order as an item in the Constitution figures in

(A) the Union List

(B) the State List

(C) the Concurrent List

(D) the Residuary Powers

Answer B

5. The term of office of the Advocate General of a State is:

(A) 4 years

(B) 5 years

(C) 6 years or 65 years of age whichever is earlier

(D) not fixed

Answer D

6. Which among the following States has the highest number of seats in the Lok Sabha?

(A) Maharashtra

(B) Rajasthan

(C) Tamil Nadu

(D) West Bengal

Answer A

7. NMEICT stands for:

(A) National Mission on Education through ICT

(B) National Mission on E-governance through ICT

(C) National Mission on E-commerce through ICT

(D) National Mission on E-learning through ICT

Answer A

July 2016

1. Which of the following core value among the institutions of higher education are promoted by the NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council)?

(a) Contributing to national development.

(b) Fostering global competencies among the students.

(c) Inculcating a value system among students.

(d) Promoting the optimum utilization of the infrastructure.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(A) (b), (c) and (d)

(B) (a), (b) and (c)

(C) (a), (c) and (d)

(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer B

2. Which of the following statements about the Indian political system is/are correct?

(a) The president is both Head of the State and Head of the Government.

(b) Parliament is Supreme.

(c) The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution.

(d) The Directive Principles of State Policy are justiciable.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

(B) (b), (c) and (d)

(C) (b) and (c)

(D) (c) only

Answer C

3. Which of the following are the fundamental duties?

(a) To respect the National Flag.

(b) To protect and improve the natural environment.

(c) For a parent to provide opportunities for education to his/her child.

(d) To protect monuments and places of national importance.

Select the correct answer from the codes given:

Codes:

(A) (a), (b) and (c)

(B) (a), (b) and (d)

(C) (a), (c) and (d)

(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer D

4. Which of the following statements are correct in respect of Niti Aayog?

(a) It is a constitutional body.

(b) It is a statutory body.

(c) It is neither a constitutional body nor a statutory body.

(d) It is a think-tank.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(A) (a) and (d)

(B) (b) and (d)

(C) (c) and (d)

(D) (b), (c) and (d)

Answer C

5. The best way for providing value education is through

(A) discussions on scriptural texts

(B) lecture/discourses on values

(C) seminars/symposia on values

(D) mentoring/reflective sessions on values

Answer B

6. The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) has been declared unconstitutional by

(A) The Supreme Court of India

(B) The High Court

(C) The High Court and the Supreme Court both

(D) The President of India

Answer A

7. The statement “the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer Hardware” refers to

(A) Information Technology (IT)

(B) Information and Collaborative Technology (ICT)

(C) Information and Data Technology (IDT)

(D) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Answer A

August 2016

1. Which of the following universities/institutes is ranked first in the India Rankings 2016?

(A) Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

(B) Central University, Hyderabad

(C) Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

(D) Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai

Answer C

2. Which of the following statements are correct about distance education in India?

(a) It supplements formal education.

(b) It reduces the cost of education.

(c) It replaces the formal education.

(d) It enhances access to education.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(A) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

(B) (a), (c) and (d)

(C) (a), (b) and (d)

(D) (b), (c) and (d)

Answer C

3. Which of the following are statutory bodies?

(a) Election Commission of India

(b) University Grants Commission (UGC)

(c) All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)

(d) National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(A) (a), (b) and (c)

(B) (b), (c) and (d)

(C) (b) and (c)

(D) (b) and (d)

Answer C

4. Which of the following statements are not correct in respect of Rajya Sabha?

(a) It has same powers as those of Lok Sabha.

(b) It can pass a vote of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers.

(c) It can amend a money bill.

(d) It can be dissolved during emergency.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(A) (b) and (c)

(B) (b), (c) and (d)

(C) (a), (b) and (c)

(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer D

5. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about the powers of the Governor of a State?

(a) He has the power to dissolve the Legislative Assembly.

(b) He has the power to appoint judges of the State High Court.

(c) He has the power to grant pardon in case of death sentence.

(d) He has diplomatic powers.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

Codes :

(A) (a) only

(B) (a) and (b)

(C) (a), (b) and (d)

(D) (a), (b) and (c)

Answer A

6. In which of the following cases, the principle of natural justice (Hear the other party) must be followed?

(a) Dismissal of an employee

(b) Supersession of a municipality

(c) Threat to national security

(d) Disciplinary action against a student or an employee

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

Codes :

(A) (a) and (b)

(B) (a) and (d)

(C) (a), (b) and (d)

(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer C

Jan 2017

1) Which of the following are the demerits of globalization of higher education?

(a) Exposure to global curriculum
(b) Promotion of elitism in education
(c) Commodification of higher education
(d) Increase in the cost of education

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(a) and (d)
(a), (c) and (d)
(b), (c) and (d)
(a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer: 3

2) Which of the following statements are correct about deemed universities?

(a) The Governor of the State is the chancellor of deemed universities.
(b) They can design their own syllabus and course work.
(c) They can frame their own guidelines regarding admission and fees.
(d) They can grant degrees.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Code:

(A), (B) and (C)
(B), (C) and (D)
(A), (C) and (D)
(A), (B), (C) and (D)

Answer: 2

3) The purpose of value education is best served by focusing on

Cultural practices prevailing in the society.
Norms of conduct laid down by a social group
Concern for human values
Religious and moral practices and instructions.

Answer: 3

4) Which of the following statements are correct?

(a) Rajya Sabha is a permanent House which can be dissolved only during national emergency.
(b) Rajya Sabha does not represent the local interests of the States.
(c) Members of the Rajya Sabha are not bound to vote at the dictates of the states they represent.
(d) No Union territory has a representative in the Rajya Sabha.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Code:

(a) and (d)
(b) and (c)
(b), (c) and (d)
(a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer: 2

5) Which of the following are not necessarily the immediate consequences of the proclamation of the President’s Rule in a State?

(a) Dissolution of the State of Ministers in the State
(b) Removal of the Council of Ministers in the State.
(c) Takeover of the State administration by the Union Government
(d) Appointment of a new Chief Secretary

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(a) and (d)
(a), (b) and (c)
(a), (b), (c) and (d)
(b) and (c)

Answer: 1

6) Instead of holding the office during the pleasure of the President who among the following hold (s) office during good behavior?

(a) Governor of a state
(b) Attorney General of India
(c) Judges of the High Court
(d) Administrator of a Union Territory

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

(a) only
(c) Only
(a) and (c)
(a), (b), (c) and (d)

Answer: 2

For Practice watch videos: CBSE UGC NET in Hindi: https://goo.gl/1NvyMk

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Comments

Manju.P.K24 October 2017 at 03:46
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