Introduction to communication
Communication is defined as “the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another, it is essentially a bridge of meaning between people” All communication is essentially sharing of information or some message. Communication is the most important of our social activities.
We can classify communication as interpersonal, intrapersonal, group communication, Meta communication, upward, downward, lateral, diagonal, formal, informal, oral, written or non verbal communication.
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In terms of Business “Communication is an important requirement of every business. A businessman participates in the process of communication in many ways. For instance, he informs the consumer about his product, he motivate them to do the work or collects information about the progress of business etc.”
संचार का परिचय
संचार को "एक व्यक्ति से दूसरे व्यक्ति को जानकारी और समझने की प्रक्रिया" के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है, यह अनिवार्य रूप से लोगों के बीच अर्थ का पुल है "सभी संचार अनिवार्य रूप से जानकारी या कुछ संदेश को साझा करना है संचार हमारी सामाजिक गतिविधियों का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है
हम संचार को पारस्परिक, इंट्रापार्सनल, ग्रुप कम्युनिकेशन, मेटा कम्यूनिकेशन, ऊपरी, नीचे, पार्श्व, विकर्ण, औपचारिक, अनौपचारिक, मौखिक, लिखित या गैर मौखिक संचार के रूप में वर्गीकृत कर सकते हैं।
व्यापार के संदर्भ में "संचार हर व्यवसाय की एक महत्वपूर्ण आवश्यकता है एक व्यापारी कई तरीकों से संचार की प्रक्रिया में भाग लेता है। उदाहरण के लिए, वह उपभोक्ता को अपने उत्पाद के बारे में बताता है, वह उन्हें काम करने के लिए प्रेरित करता है या व्यवसाय की प्रगति के बारे में जानकारी एकत्र करता है। "
Three Simple Definitions
• Communication means sharing of information
• Communication is the giving and receiving of messages
• Communication is the transfer of information from one or more people to one or more other people
तीन सरल परिभाषाएं
• संचार का मतलब है कि जानकारी साझा करना
• संचार संदेशों को देने और प्राप्त करना है
• संचार एक या दो से अधिक लोगों से एक या अधिक अन्य लोगों के लिए जानकारी का स्थानांतरण है
Meaning of Communication
The term communication is derived from the latin word “communis” or “communicare” which means to make common. Thus communication means to make common facts, information’s, thoughts and requirements. Communication therefore is the exchange of thoughts, message, information etc. by way of speech, signal or in writing.
Communication is two way process and works well with feedback, this helps to confirm that intended message has been successful.
संचार का अर्थ
शब्द संचार लैटिन शब्द "कम्यिस" या "कम्युनिकेशर" से लिया गया है जिसका मतलब है कि आम बनाना इस प्रकार संचार का मतलब आम तथ्यों, सूचनाओं, विचारों और आवश्यकताएं बनाना है। इसलिए संचार, भाषण, संकेत या लिखित रूप से विचारों, संदेश, सूचना आदि का आदान-प्रदान होता है।
संचार दो तरह की प्रक्रिया है और प्रतिक्रिया के साथ अच्छी तरह से काम करता है, इससे यह पुष्टि करने में मदद मिलती है कि इच्छित संदेश सफल हो गया है।
Scholar Definition of communication
In order to understand further, many scholars has define the term such as
“Communication is the sum of all things, one person does when he wants to create understanding in the minds of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.”
– Allen Louis
Communication has been defined “As the transfer of information from one person to another whether or not it elicits confidence.”
– Koontz and O’ Donell
“Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons.” – George Terry
“Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individuals and/or organization so that an understanding response results”.
– By Peter Little
“Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons”.
– By W.H. New man and C.F. summer Jr.
There are many other comprehensive definition exist and touches all the aspects of communication process in general terms such as business communication, Organizational communication etc.
संवाद की विद्वान परिभाषा
आगे समझने के लिए, कई विद्वानों ने इस शब्द को परिभाषित किया है जैसे कि
"संचार सभी चीजों का योग है, एक व्यक्ति तब करता है जब वह दूसरे के मन में समझ पैदा करना चाहता है। इसमें कहने, सुनने और समझने की एक व्यवस्थित और सतत प्रक्रिया शामिल है। "
- एलन लुइस
संचार को परिभाषित किया गया है "सूचनाओं को एक व्यक्ति से दूसरे व्यक्ति के हस्तांतरण के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है कि यह आत्मविश्वास प्रकट करता है या नहीं।"
- कोंटज और ओ 'डोनल
"संचार दो या दो से अधिक लोगों द्वारा तथ्यों, विचारों, विचारों और भावनाओं का आदान-प्रदान होता है।" - जॉर्ज टेरी
"संचार प्रक्रिया है जिसके माध्यम से व्यक्तियों और / या संगठनों के बीच सूचना प्रसारित की जाती है ताकि एक समझ प्रतिक्रिया परिणाम" हो सके।
- पीटर लिटल द्वारा
"संचार दो या अधिक व्यक्तियों द्वारा तथ्यों, विचारों, विचारों और भावनाओं का आदान प्रदान है"
- डब्ल्यूएच द्वारा नया आदमी और सी.एफ. गर्मियों में जूनियर
कई अन्य व्यापक परिभाषा मौजूद हैं और संचार प्रक्रिया के सभी पहलुओं को व्यापारिक संचार, संगठनात्मक संचार आदि जैसे सामान्य संदर्भों में छू लेती हैं।
“Administrative communication is a process which involves the transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions, which will accomplish organizational goals.”
"प्रशासनिक संचार एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जिसमें संविधान और लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने के उद्देश्य के लिए प्रतिक्रिया द्वारा सुनिश्चित किए जाने वाले विचारों की संचरण और सटीक प्रतिकृति शामिल है।"
Process of Communication
Communication is effective when a concise and clear message is delivered well, received successfully and understand fully. The process of communication has the following distinct components:
Communication begins with an impulse (or motivation) to pass on a message made up of bits of information. In the process of encoding, units of information are selected and organized for transmission. Input is the sum of experiences that build up in the human brain or computer. Output is the encoded message transmitted by the information source (an individual person or group of people). The interpretation of the message is referred to as decoding. Feedback is the response, or message that the recipient (decoder) returns to the sender (encoder).
Feedback in the communication process is the response that gives us some indication of how effectively we communicate. It is the gauge of efficiency in communication
संचार प्रभावी होता है जब एक संक्षिप्त और स्पष्ट संदेश अच्छी तरह से वितरित होता है, सफलतापूर्वक प्राप्त होता है और पूरी तरह से समझता है संचार की प्रक्रिया में निम्नलिखित विशिष्ट घटक होते हैं:
सूचना के बिट्स से बने संदेश पर पारित करने के लिए संचार एक प्रेरणा (या प्रेरणा) के साथ शुरू होता है एन्कोडिंग की प्रक्रिया में, सूचनाओं की इकाइयां चयनित और संचरण के लिए व्यवस्थित होती हैं। इनपुट मानव मस्तिष्क या कंप्यूटर में निर्मित अनुभवों का योग है। आउटपुट एक एन्कोडेड संदेश है जो सूचना स्रोत (एक व्यक्ति या समूह का व्यक्ति) द्वारा प्रेषित होता है। संदेश की व्याख्या को डीकोडिंग के रूप में जाना जाता है। फीडबैक एक प्रतिक्रिया है, या संदेश जो प्राप्तकर्ता (डिकोडर) प्रेषक (एन्कोडर) को देता है।
प्रेषक के पास एक विचार है
प्रेषक इस विचार को एन्कोड करता है
प्रेषक माध्यम से संदेश प्रसारित करता है
प्राप्तकर्ता को संदेश मिलता है
रिसीवर संदेश को डीकोड करता है
रिसीवर प्रतिक्रिया भेजता है
संचार प्रक्रिया में प्रतिक्रिया एक प्रतिक्रिया है जो हमें इस बात का संकेत देती है कि हम किस प्रकार प्रभावी ढंग से संवाद करते हैं। यह संचार में दक्षता का गेज है
Classification of Communication
Based on whom the message is addressed
We classify communication according to the number of persons (receivers) to whom the message is addressed:
संचार का वर्गीकरण
जिनके आधार पर संदेश को संबोधित किया गया है
हम उन लोगों (रिसीवर) की संख्या के अनुसार संचार वर्गीकृत करते हैं जिनसे संदेश संबोधित किया जाता है:
Intrapersonal Communication:
Interpersonal Communication:
Group Communication:
Mass Communication:
यह अपने आप से अपने मन में बात कर रहा है उदाहरण नाटकीय कार्यों में सोलिलोक्विज़ या एसाइड हैं
पारस्परिक संचार:
यह दो व्यक्तियों के बीच संदेशों का आदान-प्रदान है उदाहरण के लिए, एक वार्तालाप, वार्ता, या एक साक्षात्कार जिसमें दो व्यक्ति बातचीत करते हैं (अन्य लोग भी दर्शकों के रूप में उपस्थित हो सकते हैं) एक लेखक अपने पाठक के साथ पारस्परिक रूप से संपर्क करता है, जो हमेशा लेखक के दिमाग में एक मौन दर्शकों के रूप में पेश करता है जब वह लिखता है। एक पत्र भी लेखक और उस व्यक्ति के बीच पारस्परिक संचार का उदाहरण है जिसे यह लिखा है।
समूह संचार:
यह छोटे या बड़े समूहों के बीच हो सकता है, जैसे संगठन, क्लब या कक्षा, जिसमें सभी व्यक्ति अपनी व्यक्तिगत पहचान बरकरार रखे।
जन संचार:
ऐसा तब होता है जब संदेश लोगों के बड़े समूहों को भेजा जाता है, उदाहरण के लिए, अखबार, रेडियो या टेलीविजन द्वारा इस प्रक्रिया में, प्रत्येक व्यक्ति व्यक्तिगत प्रतिक्रिया या प्रतिक्रिया के लिए लगभग कोई मौका नहीं देता है।
Based On the basis of the medium employed
Verbal Communication:
Non-verbal communication:
मौखिक संवाद:
इसका अर्थ शब्दों के साथ संचार करना, लिखित या बोली जाने वाली है मौखिक संचार में बोलना, सुनना, लिखना, पढ़ना और सोचना शामिल है इसे आगे मौखिक या लिखित संचार के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है
अनकहा संचार:
इसमें व्यक्तियों के बीच जानकारी का आदान-प्रदान करने के लिए चित्रों, संकेतों, इशारों और चेहरे के भावों का प्रयोग शामिल है। यह साइन भाषा, क्रिया भाषा या वस्तु भाषा के माध्यम से किया जाता है बोलने या लिखने के सभी कार्यों के माध्यम से गैर-मौखिक संचार प्रवाह होता है यह इशारों (संकेत), आंदोलनों (कार्रवाई की भाषा), और वस्तु भाषा (चित्र / कपड़े) और इसी तरह के माध्यम से अव्यक्त संदेश है। इसके अलावा गैर-मौखिक संचार व्यक्तिगत स्थान (प्रॉक्सीमेक्स), गंध की भावना (ऑलफ़ैक्टिक्स) और समय (क्रोनेमिक्स) द्वारा पहचाना जा सकता है।
Meta Communication:
यहां शब्दों की स्पीकर की पसंद अनजाने में वास्तविक शब्दों की स्थिति से कुछ और बात करते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, एक चापलूसी टिप्पणी जैसे "मैंने आपको इतनी चालाकी से कपड़े पहने नहीं देखा" का भी मतलब हो सकता है कि श्रोता की नियमित पोशाक में सुधार की आवश्यकता होती है।
Formal Communication:
संचार का एक औपचारिक चैनल संचार के साधन के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता है जो औपचारिक रूप से एक संगठन में पदों पर पहुंचने वाले प्रबंधकों या लोगों द्वारा नियंत्रित किया जाता है। संचार औपचारिक चैनलों के माध्यम से बहता है, अर्थात संगठन में लाइन के साथ आधिकारिक तौर पर मान्यता प्राप्त पद। यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि सूचना व्यवस्थित, समय पर और सही ढंग से बहती है किसी भी जानकारी, निर्णय, ज्ञापन, अनुस्मारक आदि इस मार्ग का अनुसरण करेंगे।
Informal Communication:
संचार के औपचारिक चैनल के साथ-साथ प्रत्येक संगठन के संचार का समान रूप से प्रभावी चैनल है जो अनौपचारिक चैनल है। यह आधिकारिक तौर पर स्वीकृत नहीं है, और अक्सर इसे निराश या नीचे देखा जाता है। लेकिन, फिर, यह बहुत अधिक है, और इसे 'अंगूर' नाम दिया गया है क्योंकि यह सभी दिशाओं-क्षैतिज, ऊर्ध्वाधर, विकर्ण में चलता है। जैसा प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ कहते हैं, "यह पानी के कूलर के आसपास बहती है, हॉल के नीचे, दोपहर के भोजन के कमरे के माध्यम से और जहां भी लोग समूह में मिलते हैं"।
Downward Communication:
Upward Communication:
संचार जो ऊपर से नीचे तक बहता है वह नीचे की संचार के रूप में जाना जाता है। किसी भी संगठन में एक inbuilt पदानुक्रमित प्रणाली है, और उस में, पहली बार, संचार हमेशा नीचे की ओर बहता है
ऊपर की ओर संचार:
संचार जो नीचे से ऊपर से ऊपर जाता है, जो कम पदानुक्रमित स्तर से उच्च स्तर तक है, को अपवर्ड कम्युनिकेशन कहा जाता है ऊपरी स्तर का मुख्य कार्य निम्न स्तरों पर क्या हो रहा है, इसके बारे में ऊपरी स्तर की जानकारी प्रदान करना है। यह पिछले आयाम का सिर्फ उलट है
Lateral Communication:
Diagonal Communication:
Objectives/Purpose Of Communication
The objectives of communication are dynamic and ever-changing.
Some of the common objectives of official communication are to get or give information, to ask for or give instructions or advice or suggestions, to make requests, to persuade other people to agree with us.
Sometimes, we communicate with the intention of complaining, or warning; but unfortunately, we do this angrily and get into arguments.
If we learn to complain and warn in an acceptable and constructive manner, our serious intention can be conveyed quite effectively without damaging relationships.
In order to caution, counsel, clarify, apprise, evaluate, reprimand, organize and numerous such objectives, we make use of communication.
उद्देश्य / संचार का उद्देश्य
संचार के उद्देश्य गतिशील और कभी-कभी बदलते हैं।
आधिकारिक संचार के कुछ सामान्य उद्देश्यों को पाने या जानकारी देने, निर्देश देने या सलाह या सुझाव देने, अनुरोध करने, अन्य लोगों को हमारे साथ सहमत होने के लिए राजी करने के लिए,
कभी-कभी, हम शिकायत, या चेतावनी के इरादे से संवाद करते हैं; लेकिन दुर्भाग्यवश, हम गुस्से से यह करते हैं और तर्कों में जाते हैं।
यदि हम एक स्वीकार्य और रचनात्मक तरीके से शिकायत और चेतावनी सीखते हैं, तो हमारा गंभीर इरादा रिश्तों को हानि पहुंचाए बिना प्रभावी ढंग से व्यक्त किया जा सकता है।
सावधानी, सलाह, स्पष्टीकरण, अवधारणा, मूल्यांकन, फटकार, व्यवस्थित करने और कई ऐसे उद्देश्यों के लिए, हम संचार का उपयोग करते हैं।
सिद्धांतों और संचार के मॉडल
सिद्धांतों और प्रक्रियाओं को समझने के लिए अलग-अलग तरीके हैं जो संचार को परिभाषित करते हैं। इनमें से सुविधाजनक और आसान तरीके मॉडल के माध्यम से होते हैं, क्योंकि वे अनुमानित चीजों के लिए एक वर्णनात्मक उपकरण के रूप में कार्य करते हैं, जो अन्यथा देखने, कल्पना या वर्णन करने में परेशानी होती।
1 9 4 9 में क्लाउडे शैनन, एक विद्युत इंजीनियर और वॉरेन वीवर ने संचार के गणितीय मॉडल का प्रस्ताव दिया। यह मॉडल विशेष रूप से एक साधारण रैखिक तरीके से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संचार को बताता है जो आसानी से समझ में आता है।
ए)। सूचना स्रोत: - यह प्रक्रिया की शुरुआत है यह प्रेषक के हिस्से पर कुछ उद्देश्य का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।
ख)। संदेश: - यह संचार प्रक्रिया में प्रेषक और रिसीवर के बीच की जाने वाली जानकारी है।
सी)। ट्रांसमीटर: - संदेश प्रेषक एक एन्कोडेड फॉर्म ट्रांसमीटर के रूप में जाना जाता है।
घ)। शोर स्रोत: - चैनल चैनल के जरिए स्थानांतरण करते समय मॉडल को विकृत करने में शोर की क्षमता को पहचानता है।
ई)। रिसेप्शन: - वह व्यक्ति वह व्यक्ति है जिसे सूचना भेजना है। वह जानकारी decodes
च)। गंतव्य: - यह संचार प्रक्रिया का अंत है
यह संचार प्रक्रिया मॉडल तीन लेखकों द्वारा प्रस्तावित है इस मॉडल के अनुसार; संचार प्रक्रिया के छह घटक हैं: -
ए)। संदर्भ: - संदर्भ एक व्यापक क्षेत्र है जिसमें देश, संस्कृति, संगठन, आंतरिक और बाहरी कार्रवाई का कारण शामिल है और मौखिक संदेश या हर संदेश को प्रासंगिक संदर्भ से शुरू होता है।
ख)। प्रेषक-एन्कोडर: - संदेश को व्यक्त करने और वांछित प्रतिक्रिया बनाने के लिए दूसरा एन्कोडर उपयोग किए गए प्रतीकों, आमतौर पर शब्द।
सी)। संदेश: - संदेश मुख्य विचार है प्रेषक संवाद करना चाहता है। इसमें मौखिक और गैर मौखिक प्रतीकों दोनों शामिल हैं
घ)। मध्यम: - यह वह चैनल है जिसके द्वारा संदेश संदेश दिया जाता है। यह शब्द, ई-मेल, ध्वनि या इशारा मुद्रित किया जा सकता है।
ई)। रिसीवर-डिकोडर: - रिसीवर / श्रोता एक व्यक्ति है जो संदेश प्राप्त करता है और उसे डीकोड करता है।
च)। प्रतिक्रिया: - यह मौखिक या लिखित हो सकता है। यह एक आदेश हो सकता है जैसे कोई आदेश प्राप्त आइटम प्राप्त करना। संचार की सफलता या विफलता निर्धारित करने के लिए प्रेषक को प्रतिक्रिया की आवश्यकता है
चूंकि संचार प्रक्रिया में बाधाएं संचार प्रक्रिया में प्रमुख चर पर प्रभाव डालती हैं, इसलिए उन्हें विभिन्न ठिकानों पर वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है। हालांकि बाधाओं की सूची संपूर्ण है और कई तरह से बाधाओं को वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है, बाधाओं के सबसे पुराने वर्गीकरण में से एक नीचे दिया गया है:
सिमेंटिक बाधाएं: अलग-अलग लोग एक विशिष्ट संदेश को अलग अर्थ देते हैं। यह अर्थ, महत्त्व, और मालिश के अर्थ और सामग्री के भेजने और रिसेप्शन के साथ समस्याओं की वजह से है।
संगठनात्मक बाधाएं: कार्य, शक्ति, अधिकार और स्थिति संबंधों, मूल्यों का आयोजन, और जानकारी के स्वामित्व के कार्यात्मक विशेषज्ञता के संबंध में सदस्यों के बीच शारीरिक दूरी के साथ समस्याओं के कारण इस प्रकार की बाधा विकसित होती है।
पारस्परिक बाधाएं: ये अवरोध संचार की प्रक्रिया में भी विकसित होते हैं। वे संबंधों, मूल्यों का आयोजन, और संचार की प्रक्रिया में प्रतिभागियों के व्यवहार पर आधारित हैं।
Individual barriers: These are also called psycho-sociological barriers. The problem of this barrier arises due to differences in individual competencies to think and act, which would include physical aliments or handicaps. It is also because of individual skills in receiving and transmitting information, which would include poor listening and improper reading skills and adverse psychological conditions.
व्यक्तिगत बाधाएं: इन्हें मनोवैज्ञानिक-सामाजिक अवरोध भी कहा जाता है। इस बाधा की समस्या पैदा करने और कार्य करने के लिए व्यक्तिगत दक्षताओं में मतभेदों के कारण उत्पन्न होती है, जिसमें भौतिक उपायों या बाधाओं को शामिल किया जाएगा। यह सूचना प्राप्त करने और संचार करने में व्यक्तिगत कौशल की वजह से भी है, जिसमें खराब सुनना और अनुचित पढ़ने के कौशल और प्रतिकूल मनोवैज्ञानिक स्थितियां शामिल हैं।
क्रॉस सांस्कृतिक (भौगोलिक) अवरोध: संस्कृति एक समूह के मूल्यों और विशेषताओं का एक साझा समूह है। संचार बाधाएं समय, भौगोलिक स्थानों, और संदेश के रिसेप्शन पर समय के प्रभाव और अन्य पार सांस्कृतिक कारकों के कारण भी देखी जाती हैं।
भौतिक बाधाएं / चैनल और मीडिया बाधाएं: संचार की प्रभावशीलता और सटीकता भी प्रक्रिया में इस्तेमाल होने वाली दूरी, शोर या चैनल और मीडिया जैसे भौतिक बाधाओं से प्रभावित होती है। इस श्रेणी में, समस्याएं जो इस प्रक्रिया में प्रयुक्त मीडिया का सामना करती हैं। इस श्रेणी में, समस्याएं जो इस बात का सामना करती हैं कि किसी संदेश को संचार करने के लिए सबसे अच्छा कैसे शामिल है (उदाहरण के लिए, लिखने के बजाय एक मालिश चेहरे को संचारित करना सबसे अच्छा है)।
तकनीकी बाधाएं: वे संचार के क्षेत्र में तकनीकी प्रगति के कारण उत्पन्न बाधाएं हैं। प्रौद्योगिकी बहुत सारी जानकारी उत्पन्न करती है, जो प्राप्तकर्ता की क्षमता से परे है इसके अलावा, तकनीकी प्रक्रिया के कारण मीडिया की प्रगति बाधाओं को बढ़ाती है विचार और मालिश के लिए ट्रांसमीटर से एक ही अर्थ प्राप्त करने के लिए पहुंचने के लिए है। अगर ऐसा नहीं होता है, तो यह संचार में बाधाओं के कारण है
Answer A
2. Which is the 24 hours English Business news channel in India?
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Answer B
Answer D
Answer C
Answer A The standard TV that's been around since the mid-50s has an aspect ratio of 4:3. That means the picture is 4 units wide for every three units of height. Meanwhile, the new HDTV standard is 16:9, which is 16 units of width for every 9 units of height.
2. National Press day is celebrated on:
5. Prasar Bharati was launched in the year:
Prasar Bharati is a statutory autonomous body established under the Prasar Bharati Act and came into existence on 23.11.1997. It is the Public Service Broadcaster of the country. The objectives of public service broadcasting are achieved in terms of Prasar Bharati Act through All India Radio and Doordarshan, which earlier were working as media units under the Ministry of I&B and since the above said date became constituents of Prasar Bharati.
Communication is defined as “the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another, it is essentially a bridge of meaning between people” All communication is essentially sharing of information or some message. Communication is the most important of our social activities.
We can classify communication as interpersonal, intrapersonal, group communication, Meta communication, upward, downward, lateral, diagonal, formal, informal, oral, written or non verbal communication.
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In terms of Business “Communication is an important requirement of every business. A businessman participates in the process of communication in many ways. For instance, he informs the consumer about his product, he motivate them to do the work or collects information about the progress of business etc.”
संचार का परिचय
संचार को "एक व्यक्ति से दूसरे व्यक्ति को जानकारी और समझने की प्रक्रिया" के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है, यह अनिवार्य रूप से लोगों के बीच अर्थ का पुल है "सभी संचार अनिवार्य रूप से जानकारी या कुछ संदेश को साझा करना है संचार हमारी सामाजिक गतिविधियों का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है
हम संचार को पारस्परिक, इंट्रापार्सनल, ग्रुप कम्युनिकेशन, मेटा कम्यूनिकेशन, ऊपरी, नीचे, पार्श्व, विकर्ण, औपचारिक, अनौपचारिक, मौखिक, लिखित या गैर मौखिक संचार के रूप में वर्गीकृत कर सकते हैं।
व्यापार के संदर्भ में "संचार हर व्यवसाय की एक महत्वपूर्ण आवश्यकता है एक व्यापारी कई तरीकों से संचार की प्रक्रिया में भाग लेता है। उदाहरण के लिए, वह उपभोक्ता को अपने उत्पाद के बारे में बताता है, वह उन्हें काम करने के लिए प्रेरित करता है या व्यवसाय की प्रगति के बारे में जानकारी एकत्र करता है। "
Three Simple Definitions
• Communication means sharing of information
• Communication is the giving and receiving of messages
• Communication is the transfer of information from one or more people to one or more other people
तीन सरल परिभाषाएं
• संचार का मतलब है कि जानकारी साझा करना
• संचार संदेशों को देने और प्राप्त करना है
• संचार एक या दो से अधिक लोगों से एक या अधिक अन्य लोगों के लिए जानकारी का स्थानांतरण है
Meaning of Communication
The term communication is derived from the latin word “communis” or “communicare” which means to make common. Thus communication means to make common facts, information’s, thoughts and requirements. Communication therefore is the exchange of thoughts, message, information etc. by way of speech, signal or in writing.
Communication is two way process and works well with feedback, this helps to confirm that intended message has been successful.
संचार का अर्थ
शब्द संचार लैटिन शब्द "कम्यिस" या "कम्युनिकेशर" से लिया गया है जिसका मतलब है कि आम बनाना इस प्रकार संचार का मतलब आम तथ्यों, सूचनाओं, विचारों और आवश्यकताएं बनाना है। इसलिए संचार, भाषण, संकेत या लिखित रूप से विचारों, संदेश, सूचना आदि का आदान-प्रदान होता है।
संचार दो तरह की प्रक्रिया है और प्रतिक्रिया के साथ अच्छी तरह से काम करता है, इससे यह पुष्टि करने में मदद मिलती है कि इच्छित संदेश सफल हो गया है।
Scholar Definition of communication
In order to understand further, many scholars has define the term such as
“Communication is the sum of all things, one person does when he wants to create understanding in the minds of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.”
– Allen Louis
Communication has been defined “As the transfer of information from one person to another whether or not it elicits confidence.”
– Koontz and O’ Donell
“Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons.” – George Terry
“Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individuals and/or organization so that an understanding response results”.
– By Peter Little
“Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons”.
– By W.H. New man and C.F. summer Jr.
There are many other comprehensive definition exist and touches all the aspects of communication process in general terms such as business communication, Organizational communication etc.
संवाद की विद्वान परिभाषा
आगे समझने के लिए, कई विद्वानों ने इस शब्द को परिभाषित किया है जैसे कि
"संचार सभी चीजों का योग है, एक व्यक्ति तब करता है जब वह दूसरे के मन में समझ पैदा करना चाहता है। इसमें कहने, सुनने और समझने की एक व्यवस्थित और सतत प्रक्रिया शामिल है। "
- एलन लुइस
संचार को परिभाषित किया गया है "सूचनाओं को एक व्यक्ति से दूसरे व्यक्ति के हस्तांतरण के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है कि यह आत्मविश्वास प्रकट करता है या नहीं।"
- कोंटज और ओ 'डोनल
"संचार दो या दो से अधिक लोगों द्वारा तथ्यों, विचारों, विचारों और भावनाओं का आदान-प्रदान होता है।" - जॉर्ज टेरी
"संचार प्रक्रिया है जिसके माध्यम से व्यक्तियों और / या संगठनों के बीच सूचना प्रसारित की जाती है ताकि एक समझ प्रतिक्रिया परिणाम" हो सके।
- पीटर लिटल द्वारा
"संचार दो या अधिक व्यक्तियों द्वारा तथ्यों, विचारों, विचारों और भावनाओं का आदान प्रदान है"
- डब्ल्यूएच द्वारा नया आदमी और सी.एफ. गर्मियों में जूनियर
कई अन्य व्यापक परिभाषा मौजूद हैं और संचार प्रक्रिया के सभी पहलुओं को व्यापारिक संचार, संगठनात्मक संचार आदि जैसे सामान्य संदर्भों में छू लेती हैं।
“Administrative communication is a process which involves the transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions, which will accomplish organizational goals.”
"प्रशासनिक संचार एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जिसमें संविधान और लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने के उद्देश्य के लिए प्रतिक्रिया द्वारा सुनिश्चित किए जाने वाले विचारों की संचरण और सटीक प्रतिकृति शामिल है।"
Process of Communication
Communication is effective when a concise and clear message is delivered well, received successfully and understand fully. The process of communication has the following distinct components:
Communication begins with an impulse (or motivation) to pass on a message made up of bits of information. In the process of encoding, units of information are selected and organized for transmission. Input is the sum of experiences that build up in the human brain or computer. Output is the encoded message transmitted by the information source (an individual person or group of people). The interpretation of the message is referred to as decoding. Feedback is the response, or message that the recipient (decoder) returns to the sender (encoder).
- Sender has an idea
- Sender encodes the idea
- Sender transmits the message through medium
- Receiver gets the message
- Receiver decodes the message
- Receiver sends feedback
Feedback in the communication process is the response that gives us some indication of how effectively we communicate. It is the gauge of efficiency in communication
संचार प्रभावी होता है जब एक संक्षिप्त और स्पष्ट संदेश अच्छी तरह से वितरित होता है, सफलतापूर्वक प्राप्त होता है और पूरी तरह से समझता है संचार की प्रक्रिया में निम्नलिखित विशिष्ट घटक होते हैं:
सूचना के बिट्स से बने संदेश पर पारित करने के लिए संचार एक प्रेरणा (या प्रेरणा) के साथ शुरू होता है एन्कोडिंग की प्रक्रिया में, सूचनाओं की इकाइयां चयनित और संचरण के लिए व्यवस्थित होती हैं। इनपुट मानव मस्तिष्क या कंप्यूटर में निर्मित अनुभवों का योग है। आउटपुट एक एन्कोडेड संदेश है जो सूचना स्रोत (एक व्यक्ति या समूह का व्यक्ति) द्वारा प्रेषित होता है। संदेश की व्याख्या को डीकोडिंग के रूप में जाना जाता है। फीडबैक एक प्रतिक्रिया है, या संदेश जो प्राप्तकर्ता (डिकोडर) प्रेषक (एन्कोडर) को देता है।
प्रेषक के पास एक विचार है
प्रेषक इस विचार को एन्कोड करता है
प्रेषक माध्यम से संदेश प्रसारित करता है
प्राप्तकर्ता को संदेश मिलता है
रिसीवर संदेश को डीकोड करता है
रिसीवर प्रतिक्रिया भेजता है
संचार प्रक्रिया में प्रतिक्रिया एक प्रतिक्रिया है जो हमें इस बात का संकेत देती है कि हम किस प्रकार प्रभावी ढंग से संवाद करते हैं। यह संचार में दक्षता का गेज है
Classification of Communication
Based on whom the message is addressed
We classify communication according to the number of persons (receivers) to whom the message is addressed:
संचार का वर्गीकरण
जिनके आधार पर संदेश को संबोधित किया गया है
हम उन लोगों (रिसीवर) की संख्या के अनुसार संचार वर्गीकृत करते हैं जिनसे संदेश संबोधित किया जाता है:
Intrapersonal Communication:
- It is talking to oneself in one’s own mind. Examples are soliloquies or asides in dramatic works.
Interpersonal Communication:
- It is the exchange of messages between two persons. For example, a conversation, dialogue, or an interview in which two persons interact (others may also be present as audience). An author communicates interpersonally with his reader, who is always present as a silent audience in the author’s mind while he writes. A letter too is an example of interpersonal communication between the writer and the person to whom it is written.
Group Communication:
- It can be among small or large groups, like an organization, club or classroom, in which all individuals retain their individual identity.
Mass Communication:
- It occurs when the message is sent to large groups of people, for example, by newspaper, radio, or television. In this process, each person becomes a faceless individual with almost no opportunity for personal response or feedback.
यह अपने आप से अपने मन में बात कर रहा है उदाहरण नाटकीय कार्यों में सोलिलोक्विज़ या एसाइड हैं
पारस्परिक संचार:
यह दो व्यक्तियों के बीच संदेशों का आदान-प्रदान है उदाहरण के लिए, एक वार्तालाप, वार्ता, या एक साक्षात्कार जिसमें दो व्यक्ति बातचीत करते हैं (अन्य लोग भी दर्शकों के रूप में उपस्थित हो सकते हैं) एक लेखक अपने पाठक के साथ पारस्परिक रूप से संपर्क करता है, जो हमेशा लेखक के दिमाग में एक मौन दर्शकों के रूप में पेश करता है जब वह लिखता है। एक पत्र भी लेखक और उस व्यक्ति के बीच पारस्परिक संचार का उदाहरण है जिसे यह लिखा है।
समूह संचार:
यह छोटे या बड़े समूहों के बीच हो सकता है, जैसे संगठन, क्लब या कक्षा, जिसमें सभी व्यक्ति अपनी व्यक्तिगत पहचान बरकरार रखे।
जन संचार:
ऐसा तब होता है जब संदेश लोगों के बड़े समूहों को भेजा जाता है, उदाहरण के लिए, अखबार, रेडियो या टेलीविजन द्वारा इस प्रक्रिया में, प्रत्येक व्यक्ति व्यक्तिगत प्रतिक्रिया या प्रतिक्रिया के लिए लगभग कोई मौका नहीं देता है।
Based On the basis of the medium employed
Verbal Communication:
- It means communicating with words, written or spoken. Verbal communication consists of speaking, listening, writing, reading, and thinking. It may further be classified as Oral or Written Communication.
Non-verbal communication:
- It includes using of pictures, signs, gestures, and facial expressions for exchanging information between persons. It is done through sign language, action language, or object language. Non-verbal communication flows through all acts of speaking or writing. It is a wordless message conveyed through gestures (sign), movements (action language), and object language (pictures/clothes) and so on. Further non-verbal communication can be identified by personal space (proxemics), sense of smell (olfactics) and time (chronemics).
मौखिक संवाद:
इसका अर्थ शब्दों के साथ संचार करना, लिखित या बोली जाने वाली है मौखिक संचार में बोलना, सुनना, लिखना, पढ़ना और सोचना शामिल है इसे आगे मौखिक या लिखित संचार के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है
अनकहा संचार:
इसमें व्यक्तियों के बीच जानकारी का आदान-प्रदान करने के लिए चित्रों, संकेतों, इशारों और चेहरे के भावों का प्रयोग शामिल है। यह साइन भाषा, क्रिया भाषा या वस्तु भाषा के माध्यम से किया जाता है बोलने या लिखने के सभी कार्यों के माध्यम से गैर-मौखिक संचार प्रवाह होता है यह इशारों (संकेत), आंदोलनों (कार्रवाई की भाषा), और वस्तु भाषा (चित्र / कपड़े) और इसी तरह के माध्यम से अव्यक्त संदेश है। इसके अलावा गैर-मौखिक संचार व्यक्तिगत स्थान (प्रॉक्सीमेक्स), गंध की भावना (ऑलफ़ैक्टिक्स) और समय (क्रोनेमिक्स) द्वारा पहचाना जा सकता है।
Meta Communication:
- Here the speaker’s choice of words unintentionally communicates something more than what the actual words state. For example, a flattering remark like “I’ve never seen you so smartly dressed” could also mean that the regular attire of the listener needed improvement.
यहां शब्दों की स्पीकर की पसंद अनजाने में वास्तविक शब्दों की स्थिति से कुछ और बात करते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, एक चापलूसी टिप्पणी जैसे "मैंने आपको इतनी चालाकी से कपड़े पहने नहीं देखा" का भी मतलब हो सकता है कि श्रोता की नियमित पोशाक में सुधार की आवश्यकता होती है।
Formal Communication:
- A formal channel of communication can be defined as a means of communication that is formally controlled by managers or people occupying positions in an organization. The communication flows through formal channels, that is, officially recognized positions along the line in the organization. This ensures that the information flows orderly, timely, and accurately. Any information, decision, memo, reminder etc. will follow this path.
संचार का एक औपचारिक चैनल संचार के साधन के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता है जो औपचारिक रूप से एक संगठन में पदों पर पहुंचने वाले प्रबंधकों या लोगों द्वारा नियंत्रित किया जाता है। संचार औपचारिक चैनलों के माध्यम से बहता है, अर्थात संगठन में लाइन के साथ आधिकारिक तौर पर मान्यता प्राप्त पद। यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि सूचना व्यवस्थित, समय पर और सही ढंग से बहती है किसी भी जानकारी, निर्णय, ज्ञापन, अनुस्मारक आदि इस मार्ग का अनुसरण करेंगे।
Informal Communication:
- Side by side with the formal channel of communication every organization has an equally effective channel of communication that is the informal channel. It is not officially sanctioned, and quite often it is even discouraged or looked down upon. But, then, it is very much there, and has been given the name ‘grapevine’ precisely because it runs in all directions-horizontal, vertical, diagonal. As the management experts put it, “it flows around water coolers, down hallways, through lunch rooms, and wherever people get together in groups”.
संचार के औपचारिक चैनल के साथ-साथ प्रत्येक संगठन के संचार का समान रूप से प्रभावी चैनल है जो अनौपचारिक चैनल है। यह आधिकारिक तौर पर स्वीकृत नहीं है, और अक्सर इसे निराश या नीचे देखा जाता है। लेकिन, फिर, यह बहुत अधिक है, और इसे 'अंगूर' नाम दिया गया है क्योंकि यह सभी दिशाओं-क्षैतिज, ऊर्ध्वाधर, विकर्ण में चलता है। जैसा प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ कहते हैं, "यह पानी के कूलर के आसपास बहती है, हॉल के नीचे, दोपहर के भोजन के कमरे के माध्यम से और जहां भी लोग समूह में मिलते हैं"।
Downward Communication:
- The Communication that flows from Top to Bottom is known as downward communication. Any organization has an inbuilt hierarchical system, and in that, in the first instance, communication invariably flows downwards.
Upward Communication:
- The Communication that flows from bottom to top, which is from lower hierarchical level to higher level, is called Upward Communication. The main function of upward communication is to supply information to the upper levels about what is happening at the lower levels. It is just the reverse of the previous dimension
संचार जो ऊपर से नीचे तक बहता है वह नीचे की संचार के रूप में जाना जाता है। किसी भी संगठन में एक inbuilt पदानुक्रमित प्रणाली है, और उस में, पहली बार, संचार हमेशा नीचे की ओर बहता है
ऊपर की ओर संचार:
संचार जो नीचे से ऊपर से ऊपर जाता है, जो कम पदानुक्रमित स्तर से उच्च स्तर तक है, को अपवर्ड कम्युनिकेशन कहा जाता है ऊपरी स्तर का मुख्य कार्य निम्न स्तरों पर क्या हो रहा है, इसके बारे में ऊपरी स्तर की जानकारी प्रदान करना है। यह पिछले आयाम का सिर्फ उलट है
Lateral Communication:
- When communication takes place between two or more persons who are subordinates working under the same person, or those who are working on the same level, it is called lateral or horizontal communication. A good example of this kind of communication is that between functional managers. It is necessary for the reviewing of the activities assigned to various subordinates having identical positions
Diagonal Communication:
- Diagonal or Crosswise communication includes flow of information among persons at different levels who have no direct reporting relationships. As an example, the Communication between the Training Supervisor and Marketing Manager, regarding the Training of a few employees of Marketing Department, is Diagonal Communication. This kind of communication is used to speed up information flow, to improve understanding, and to coordinate efforts for the achievement of organizational objectives.
पार्श्व संचार:
जब संचार दो या दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों के बीच होता है जो एक ही व्यक्ति के अधीन काम करने वाले अधीनस्थ हैं, या जो समान स्तर पर काम कर रहे हैं, इसे पार्श्व या क्षैतिज संचार कहा जाता है इस तरह के संचार का एक अच्छा उदाहरण यह है कि कार्यात्मक प्रबंधकों के बीच। समान पदों वाले विभिन्न अधीनस्थों को सौंपा गया गतिविधियों की समीक्षा के लिए आवश्यक है
विकर्ण संचार:
विकर्ण या पारस्परिक संचार में विभिन्न स्तरों पर लोगों के बीच सूचना का प्रवाह शामिल होता है जिनके पास सीधे रिपोर्टिंग संबंध नहीं होते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर, विपणन विभाग के कुछ कर्मचारियों के प्रशिक्षण के संबंध में प्रशिक्षण पर्यवेक्षक और विपणन प्रबंधक के बीच संचार, विकर्ण संचार है। इस प्रकार का संचार सूचना प्रवाह को गति देने, समझ में सुधार लाने और संगठनात्मक उद्देश्यों की उपलब्धि के प्रयासों के समन्वय के लिए किया जाता है।
Objectives/Purpose Of Communication
The objectives of communication are dynamic and ever-changing.
Some of the common objectives of official communication are to get or give information, to ask for or give instructions or advice or suggestions, to make requests, to persuade other people to agree with us.
Sometimes, we communicate with the intention of complaining, or warning; but unfortunately, we do this angrily and get into arguments.
If we learn to complain and warn in an acceptable and constructive manner, our serious intention can be conveyed quite effectively without damaging relationships.
In order to caution, counsel, clarify, apprise, evaluate, reprimand, organize and numerous such objectives, we make use of communication.
उद्देश्य / संचार का उद्देश्य
संचार के उद्देश्य गतिशील और कभी-कभी बदलते हैं।
आधिकारिक संचार के कुछ सामान्य उद्देश्यों को पाने या जानकारी देने, निर्देश देने या सलाह या सुझाव देने, अनुरोध करने, अन्य लोगों को हमारे साथ सहमत होने के लिए राजी करने के लिए,
कभी-कभी, हम शिकायत, या चेतावनी के इरादे से संवाद करते हैं; लेकिन दुर्भाग्यवश, हम गुस्से से यह करते हैं और तर्कों में जाते हैं।
यदि हम एक स्वीकार्य और रचनात्मक तरीके से शिकायत और चेतावनी सीखते हैं, तो हमारा गंभीर इरादा रिश्तों को हानि पहुंचाए बिना प्रभावी ढंग से व्यक्त किया जा सकता है।
सावधानी, सलाह, स्पष्टीकरण, अवधारणा, मूल्यांकन, फटकार, व्यवस्थित करने और कई ऐसे उद्देश्यों के लिए, हम संचार का उपयोग करते हैं।
Evaluation Of Communication Effectiveness
Communication is not an end in itself; rather it is a means to attain other ends or goals. Hence, it has to be effective to be able to attain these goals or objectives. Communication effectiveness can be examined in relation to the following criteria:
संचार प्रभावशीलता का मूल्यांकन
संचार अपने आप में अंत नहीं है; बल्कि यह अन्य छोरों या लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने का एक साधन है। इसलिए, इन लक्ष्यों या उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने में सक्षम होने के लिए प्रभावी होना चाहिए। निम्न मानदंडों के संबंध में संचार प्रभावशीलता की जांच की जा सकती है:
संचार अपने आप में अंत नहीं है; बल्कि यह अन्य छोरों या लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने का एक साधन है। इसलिए, इन लक्ष्यों या उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने में सक्षम होने के लिए प्रभावी होना चाहिए। निम्न मानदंडों के संबंध में संचार प्रभावशीलता की जांच की जा सकती है:
- Fidelity of Communication: the distortion free quality of a message is called fidelity. An effective person gets the message across to others with minimal possibilities of misunderstanding.
- Economy: In an effective communication a minimum of energy time, symbols and cues are used to encode message without losing its fidelity and impact.
- Congruence: An effective communication integrates both verbal and non-verbal cues.
- Influence: The most important criterion of effectiveness is the influence that the communicator is able to exercise over the receiver of the communication. Influence means the communicator achieve the results he intended.
- Relationship Building: An effective communication contributes to the building of trust and better relationship between the source and the target.
- संचार की विश्वस्तता: एक संदेश की विरूपण मुक्त गुणवत्ता वफादारी कहा जाता है गलत व्यक्ति की कम संभावनाओं के साथ एक प्रभावी व्यक्ति को दूसरों के पास संदेश मिलता है।
- अर्थव्यवस्था: एक प्रभावी संचार में कम से कम ऊर्जा समय, प्रतीकों और संकेतों को अपनी निष्ठा और प्रभाव को खोने के बिना संदेश सांकेतिकृत करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।
- एकजुटता: एक प्रभावी संचार मौखिक और गैर मौखिक संकेतों को एकीकृत करता है।
- प्रभाव: प्रभावशीलता का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण मानदंड वह प्रभाव है, जो संचारकर्ता के रिसीवर के ऊपर संचार करने में सक्षम है। प्रभाव का अर्थ है संचारक वह परिणाम हासिल करना चाहते हैं।
- रिश्शन बिल्डिंग: एक प्रभावी संचार स्रोत और लक्ष्य के बीच विश्वास और बेहतर संबंध बनाने के लिए योगदान देता है।
Seven C’s of Effective Communication:
These are the Seven terms, starting with the letter C, which make communication more understandable, valuable and effective.
Four S’s of Communication:
Four terms starting with letter S, which add to the value of the message in Communication
- Sincerity
- Simplicity
- Shortness
- Strength
चार एस संचार की:
पत्र एस से शुरू होने वाले चार शब्द, जो संचार में संदेश के मूल्य को जोड़ते हैं
सच्चाई
सादगी
तकलीफ
शक्ति
पत्र एस से शुरू होने वाले चार शब्द, जो संचार में संदेश के मूल्य को जोड़ते हैं
सच्चाई
सादगी
तकलीफ
शक्ति
Theories and models of communication
There are different ways to understand the principles and processes that define communication. The convenient and easy ways from these is through models, as they act as a descriptive tools to approximate things, which otherwise would have trouble seeing, imagining or describing.
सिद्धांतों और संचार के मॉडल
सिद्धांतों और प्रक्रियाओं को समझने के लिए अलग-अलग तरीके हैं जो संचार को परिभाषित करते हैं। इनमें से सुविधाजनक और आसान तरीके मॉडल के माध्यम से होते हैं, क्योंकि वे अनुमानित चीजों के लिए एक वर्णनात्मक उपकरण के रूप में कार्य करते हैं, जो अन्यथा देखने, कल्पना या वर्णन करने में परेशानी होती।
The models of communication :
- One way communication process: Linear model
- Two way process
- Shannon Weaver model of communication
- Murphy’s model of Communication
- Berlo’s model of Communication
- Thill and Bovee’s Model
- एक तरह से संचार प्रक्रिया: रैखिक मॉडल
- दो तरह की प्रक्रिया
- संचार के शैनन वीवर मॉडल
- मर्फी का संचार का मॉडल
- बर्लो का संचार का मॉडल
- थिल और बोवे का मॉडल
Over the years, numerous models have been offered as representations of what is involved when human communicate. Different scholars have put forward different models of communication, main among them are: –
Shannon- Weaver Model
In the year 1949 Cloude Shannon, an electrical engineer and Warren Weaver propounded a mathematical model of communication. This model particularly explains electronic communication in a simple linear way which is easily understandable.
a). Information Source: – It is the beginning of the process. It represents some purpose on the part of sender.
b). Message: – It is the information passing between sender and receiver in the communication process.
c). Transmitter: – The sender of message is an encoded form is known as transmitter.
d). Noise Source: – The model recognizes the potential of noise in distorting the message while transfer through channel.
e). Reception: – He is the person to whom information is send. He decodes the information.
f). Destination: – It is the end of the communication process.
1 9 4 9 में क्लाउडे शैनन, एक विद्युत इंजीनियर और वॉरेन वीवर ने संचार के गणितीय मॉडल का प्रस्ताव दिया। यह मॉडल विशेष रूप से एक साधारण रैखिक तरीके से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संचार को बताता है जो आसानी से समझ में आता है।
ए)। सूचना स्रोत: - यह प्रक्रिया की शुरुआत है यह प्रेषक के हिस्से पर कुछ उद्देश्य का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।
ख)। संदेश: - यह संचार प्रक्रिया में प्रेषक और रिसीवर के बीच की जाने वाली जानकारी है।
सी)। ट्रांसमीटर: - संदेश प्रेषक एक एन्कोडेड फॉर्म ट्रांसमीटर के रूप में जाना जाता है।
घ)। शोर स्रोत: - चैनल चैनल के जरिए स्थानांतरण करते समय मॉडल को विकृत करने में शोर की क्षमता को पहचानता है।
ई)। रिसेप्शन: - वह व्यक्ति वह व्यक्ति है जिसे सूचना भेजना है। वह जानकारी decodes
च)। गंतव्य: - यह संचार प्रक्रिया का अंत है
Murphy’s Model:
This communication process model is propounded by three writers. According to this model; there are six components of communication process : –
a). Context: – Context is a broad field that includes country, culture, organization, internal & external cause of action and every message weather oral or written begins with context.
b). Sender-Encoder: – The second- encoder used symbols, usually words, to express the message and create desired response.
c). Message: – The message is the core idea the sender wishes to communicate. It consists of both verbal and non-verbal symbols.
d). Medium: – It is the channel through which a message is communicated. It can be printed word, e – mail, sound or gesture.
e). Receiver- decoder: – The receiver/listener is the person who receives the message and decodes it.
f). Feedback: – It can be oral or written. It can be an action such as receiving an ordered item. Sender needs feedback in order to determine the success or failure of the communication.
यह संचार प्रक्रिया मॉडल तीन लेखकों द्वारा प्रस्तावित है इस मॉडल के अनुसार; संचार प्रक्रिया के छह घटक हैं: -
ए)। संदर्भ: - संदर्भ एक व्यापक क्षेत्र है जिसमें देश, संस्कृति, संगठन, आंतरिक और बाहरी कार्रवाई का कारण शामिल है और मौखिक संदेश या हर संदेश को प्रासंगिक संदर्भ से शुरू होता है।
ख)। प्रेषक-एन्कोडर: - संदेश को व्यक्त करने और वांछित प्रतिक्रिया बनाने के लिए दूसरा एन्कोडर उपयोग किए गए प्रतीकों, आमतौर पर शब्द।
सी)। संदेश: - संदेश मुख्य विचार है प्रेषक संवाद करना चाहता है। इसमें मौखिक और गैर मौखिक प्रतीकों दोनों शामिल हैं
घ)। मध्यम: - यह वह चैनल है जिसके द्वारा संदेश संदेश दिया जाता है। यह शब्द, ई-मेल, ध्वनि या इशारा मुद्रित किया जा सकता है।
ई)। रिसीवर-डिकोडर: - रिसीवर / श्रोता एक व्यक्ति है जो संदेश प्राप्त करता है और उसे डीकोड करता है।
च)। प्रतिक्रिया: - यह मौखिक या लिखित हो सकता है। यह एक आदेश हो सकता है जैसे कोई आदेश प्राप्त आइटम प्राप्त करना। संचार की सफलता या विफलता निर्धारित करने के लिए प्रेषक को प्रतिक्रिया की आवश्यकता है
Thill and Bovee Model: –
According to Thill and Bovee communication model, business communication is more than a single act. It is a chain of events consisting of five phases linking sender and receiver.
a). Idea: – The sender has an idea. In the process of conceiving an idea about the real world, the sender leaves out many things but assumes some things. This means idea in the mind of sender is a simplification of the real world.
b). Message: – The idea in the mind of sender is transformed into words and thus becomes a message. The message may be expressed in many ways.
c). Message is transmitted: – The 3rd step in the process is physical transmission of the message through verbal or non-verbal channel, from sender to receiver.
d). Receiver gets Message: – For communication to occur, the receiver has to get the message, and understand the message and store the message mentally.
e). Feedback: – The receiver reacts after receiving the message and sends feedback. Feedback is a key element in the communication process because it enables the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of the message. Then the process is repeated until both parties have finished expressing themselves.
थिल और बोवे मॉडल: -
थिल और बोवे संचार मॉडल के मुताबिक, व्यापार संचार एक एकल अधिनियम से ज्यादा है। यह घटनाओं की एक श्रृंखला है जिसमें प्रेषक और रिसीवर को जोड़ने वाले पांच चरण शामिल हैं।
ए)। आइडिया: - प्रेषक के पास एक विचार है। वास्तविक दुनिया के बारे में विचार करने की प्रक्रिया में, प्रेषक कई चीज़ों को छोड़ देता है लेकिन कुछ चीजें मानता है। इसका अर्थ है प्रेषक के दिमाग में विचार वास्तविक दुनिया का सरलीकरण है।
ख)। संदेश: - प्रेषक के दिमाग में विचार शब्द में तब्दील हो जाता है और इस प्रकार संदेश बन जाता है। संदेश कई मायनों में व्यक्त किया जा सकता है
सी)। संदेश प्रेषित होता है: - प्रक्रिया में तीसरा चरण प्रेषक से रिसीवर तक, मौखिक या गैर-मौखिक चैनल के माध्यम से संदेश का भौतिक प्रसारण होता है।
घ)। प्राप्तकर्ता को संदेश मिलता है: - संचार के लिए, रिसीवर को संदेश प्राप्त करना होगा, और संदेश को समझना होगा और संदेश मानसिक रूप से संग्रहीत करना होगा।
ई)। प्रतिक्रिया: - संदेश प्राप्त करने के बाद रिसीवर प्रतिक्रिया देता है और फीडबैक भेजता है। प्रतिक्रिया संचार प्रक्रिया में एक महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है क्योंकि यह प्रेषक को संदेश की प्रभावशीलता का मूल्यांकन करने में सक्षम बनाता है। तब प्रक्रिया दोहराई जाती है जब तक कि दोनों दलों ने खुद को व्यक्त नहीं किया।
थिल और बोवे मॉडल: -
थिल और बोवे संचार मॉडल के मुताबिक, व्यापार संचार एक एकल अधिनियम से ज्यादा है। यह घटनाओं की एक श्रृंखला है जिसमें प्रेषक और रिसीवर को जोड़ने वाले पांच चरण शामिल हैं।
ए)। आइडिया: - प्रेषक के पास एक विचार है। वास्तविक दुनिया के बारे में विचार करने की प्रक्रिया में, प्रेषक कई चीज़ों को छोड़ देता है लेकिन कुछ चीजें मानता है। इसका अर्थ है प्रेषक के दिमाग में विचार वास्तविक दुनिया का सरलीकरण है।
ख)। संदेश: - प्रेषक के दिमाग में विचार शब्द में तब्दील हो जाता है और इस प्रकार संदेश बन जाता है। संदेश कई मायनों में व्यक्त किया जा सकता है
सी)। संदेश प्रेषित होता है: - प्रक्रिया में तीसरा चरण प्रेषक से रिसीवर तक, मौखिक या गैर-मौखिक चैनल के माध्यम से संदेश का भौतिक प्रसारण होता है।
घ)। प्राप्तकर्ता को संदेश मिलता है: - संचार के लिए, रिसीवर को संदेश प्राप्त करना होगा, और संदेश को समझना होगा और संदेश मानसिक रूप से संग्रहीत करना होगा।
ई)। प्रतिक्रिया: - संदेश प्राप्त करने के बाद रिसीवर प्रतिक्रिया देता है और फीडबैक भेजता है। प्रतिक्रिया संचार प्रक्रिया में एक महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है क्योंकि यह प्रेषक को संदेश की प्रभावशीलता का मूल्यांकन करने में सक्षम बनाता है। तब प्रक्रिया दोहराई जाती है जब तक कि दोनों दलों ने खुद को व्यक्त नहीं किया।
Barriers to Communication
Communication is not always successful. Certain barriers in communication affect the clarity, accuracy and effectiveness of the message. These barriers hamper the growth of communication and relegate it to the status of a conversation where feedback is not expected.
If either the speaker or the listener has problems in adjusting his frequency with the co-interactants, barriers would automatically be erected.
Several things can prevent the message from reaching the intended recipient or from having the desired effect on the recipient. There may be some fault in the communication system which may prevent the message from reaching. Some of these defects are in the mechanical devices used for transmitting, that is, the medium; some are in the tools we use for communicating, that is, language or other symbols used for encoding; Some are related to the sender or the receiver.
संचार के लिए बाधाएँ
संचार हमेशा सफल नहीं होता है संचार में कुछ बाधाएं संदेश की स्पष्टता, सटीकता और प्रभावशीलता को प्रभावित करती हैं। ये बाधाएं संचार के विकास में बाधा डालती हैं और इसे उस वार्तालाप की स्थिति तक पहुंचाती हैं जहां प्रतिक्रिया की उम्मीद नहीं है।
यदि या तो स्पीकर या श्रोता को सह-संवादक के साथ अपनी आवृत्ति को समायोजित करने में समस्याएं हैं, तो बाधाओं को स्वचालित रूप से खड़ा किया जाएगा
कई चीजें संदेश प्राप्त करने वाले प्राप्तकर्ता तक पहुंचने से या प्राप्तकर्ता पर इच्छित प्रभाव लेने से रोक सकती हैं। संचार प्रणाली में कुछ गलती हो सकती है जो संदेश को पहुंचने से रोक सकती है। इनमें से कुछ दोष संचारण के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले यांत्रिक उपकरणों में हैं, जो कि मध्यम है; कुछ ऐसे उपकरण हैं जो हम संचार के लिए उपयोग करते हैं, अर्थात, एन्कोडिंग के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले भाषा या अन्य प्रतीकों; कुछ प्रेषक या रिसीवर से संबंधित हैं
संचार के लिए बाधाएँ
संचार हमेशा सफल नहीं होता है संचार में कुछ बाधाएं संदेश की स्पष्टता, सटीकता और प्रभावशीलता को प्रभावित करती हैं। ये बाधाएं संचार के विकास में बाधा डालती हैं और इसे उस वार्तालाप की स्थिति तक पहुंचाती हैं जहां प्रतिक्रिया की उम्मीद नहीं है।
यदि या तो स्पीकर या श्रोता को सह-संवादक के साथ अपनी आवृत्ति को समायोजित करने में समस्याएं हैं, तो बाधाओं को स्वचालित रूप से खड़ा किया जाएगा
कई चीजें संदेश प्राप्त करने वाले प्राप्तकर्ता तक पहुंचने से या प्राप्तकर्ता पर इच्छित प्रभाव लेने से रोक सकती हैं। संचार प्रणाली में कुछ गलती हो सकती है जो संदेश को पहुंचने से रोक सकती है। इनमें से कुछ दोष संचारण के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले यांत्रिक उपकरणों में हैं, जो कि मध्यम है; कुछ ऐसे उपकरण हैं जो हम संचार के लिए उपयोग करते हैं, अर्थात, एन्कोडिंग के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले भाषा या अन्य प्रतीकों; कुछ प्रेषक या रिसीवर से संबंधित हैं
As the barriers to communication influence the major variables in the communication process, they may be categorized on various bases. Though the list of Barriers is exhaustive and there are many ways in which the Barriers can be categorized, one of the oldest categorization of barriers is stated below:
Semantic barriers: Different people assign different meanings to one specific message. This is due to the problems with meaning, significance, and the sending and reception of the meaning and content of the massage.
Organizational barriers: This type of barrier develops due to the problems with physical distance between members with respect to their functional specialization of tasks, power, authority and status relationship, values held, and ownership of information.
Interpersonal barriers: These barriers also develop in the process of communication. They are based upon the relationships, values held, and attitudes of the participants in the process of communication.
चूंकि संचार प्रक्रिया में बाधाएं संचार प्रक्रिया में प्रमुख चर पर प्रभाव डालती हैं, इसलिए उन्हें विभिन्न ठिकानों पर वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है। हालांकि बाधाओं की सूची संपूर्ण है और कई तरह से बाधाओं को वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है, बाधाओं के सबसे पुराने वर्गीकरण में से एक नीचे दिया गया है:
सिमेंटिक बाधाएं: अलग-अलग लोग एक विशिष्ट संदेश को अलग अर्थ देते हैं। यह अर्थ, महत्त्व, और मालिश के अर्थ और सामग्री के भेजने और रिसेप्शन के साथ समस्याओं की वजह से है।
संगठनात्मक बाधाएं: कार्य, शक्ति, अधिकार और स्थिति संबंधों, मूल्यों का आयोजन, और जानकारी के स्वामित्व के कार्यात्मक विशेषज्ञता के संबंध में सदस्यों के बीच शारीरिक दूरी के साथ समस्याओं के कारण इस प्रकार की बाधा विकसित होती है।
पारस्परिक बाधाएं: ये अवरोध संचार की प्रक्रिया में भी विकसित होते हैं। वे संबंधों, मूल्यों का आयोजन, और संचार की प्रक्रिया में प्रतिभागियों के व्यवहार पर आधारित हैं।
Individual barriers: These are also called psycho-sociological barriers. The problem of this barrier arises due to differences in individual competencies to think and act, which would include physical aliments or handicaps. It is also because of individual skills in receiving and transmitting information, which would include poor listening and improper reading skills and adverse psychological conditions.
Cross Cultural (geographic) barriers: Culture is a shared set of values and attributes of a group. The communication barriers are also seen because of time, geographic locations, and the effects of time upon reception of the message and other cross cultural factors.
Physical Barriers/Channel and media barriers: The effectiveness and accuracy of communication is also affected by the physical barriers like distance, noise or channel and the media used in the process. In this category, problems that confront the media used in the process. In this category, problems that confront the issue of how best to communicate a message are included. (For example, it is best to transmit a massage face to face rather than in writing).
Technological barriers: They are barriers which arise due to technological advancements in the field of communication. Technology generates lot of information, which is beyond the capacity of the recipient. Further, the media advancements on account of technological process increase the barriers. The ideas and massage have to reach from the transmitter to receive in the same sense. If it does not happen, it is on account of barriers in communication.
व्यक्तिगत बाधाएं: इन्हें मनोवैज्ञानिक-सामाजिक अवरोध भी कहा जाता है। इस बाधा की समस्या पैदा करने और कार्य करने के लिए व्यक्तिगत दक्षताओं में मतभेदों के कारण उत्पन्न होती है, जिसमें भौतिक उपायों या बाधाओं को शामिल किया जाएगा। यह सूचना प्राप्त करने और संचार करने में व्यक्तिगत कौशल की वजह से भी है, जिसमें खराब सुनना और अनुचित पढ़ने के कौशल और प्रतिकूल मनोवैज्ञानिक स्थितियां शामिल हैं।
क्रॉस सांस्कृतिक (भौगोलिक) अवरोध: संस्कृति एक समूह के मूल्यों और विशेषताओं का एक साझा समूह है। संचार बाधाएं समय, भौगोलिक स्थानों, और संदेश के रिसेप्शन पर समय के प्रभाव और अन्य पार सांस्कृतिक कारकों के कारण भी देखी जाती हैं।
भौतिक बाधाएं / चैनल और मीडिया बाधाएं: संचार की प्रभावशीलता और सटीकता भी प्रक्रिया में इस्तेमाल होने वाली दूरी, शोर या चैनल और मीडिया जैसे भौतिक बाधाओं से प्रभावित होती है। इस श्रेणी में, समस्याएं जो इस प्रक्रिया में प्रयुक्त मीडिया का सामना करती हैं। इस श्रेणी में, समस्याएं जो इस बात का सामना करती हैं कि किसी संदेश को संचार करने के लिए सबसे अच्छा कैसे शामिल है (उदाहरण के लिए, लिखने के बजाय एक मालिश चेहरे को संचारित करना सबसे अच्छा है)।
तकनीकी बाधाएं: वे संचार के क्षेत्र में तकनीकी प्रगति के कारण उत्पन्न बाधाएं हैं। प्रौद्योगिकी बहुत सारी जानकारी उत्पन्न करती है, जो प्राप्तकर्ता की क्षमता से परे है इसके अलावा, तकनीकी प्रक्रिया के कारण मीडिया की प्रगति बाधाओं को बढ़ाती है विचार और मालिश के लिए ट्रांसमीटर से एक ही अर्थ प्राप्त करने के लिए पहुंचने के लिए है। अगर ऐसा नहीं होता है, तो यह संचार में बाधाओं के कारण है
Overcoming Communication Barriers: –
Following points should be kept in mind in order to overcome different communication barriers: –
1). Constructive environment should be created for expression of ideas.
2). Proper communication channel should be used to transfer idea/information.
3). One should try to maintain a positive attitude while communicating by being open minded.
4). One should use direct, simple language and avoid words that have more than one meaning.
5). Free flow of information should take place between different levels both vertically and horizontally.
6). One should try to understand the idea/information through proper listening before giving feedback.
संचार बाधाओं पर काबू पाने: -
विभिन्न संचार अवरोधों को दूर करने के लिए निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए: -
1)। विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए रचनात्मक वातावरण बनाया जाना चाहिए
2)। विचार / सूचना हस्तांतरण के लिए उचित संचार चैनल का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए
3)। खुले दिमाग वाले लोगों द्वारा संवाद करते समय सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण बनाए रखने का प्रयास करना चाहिए।
4)। किसी को प्रत्यक्ष, सरल भाषा का प्रयोग करना चाहिए और एक से अधिक अर्थ वाले शब्दों से बचने चाहिए।
5)। जानकारी के मुफ़्त प्रवाह को अलग-अलग स्तरों के बीच दोनों खड़ी और क्षैतिज रूप से होना चाहिए।
6)। फीडबैक देने से पहले उचित सुनवाई के माध्यम से विचार / सूचना को समझने की कोशिश करनी चाहिए।
Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication
In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo's Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver's Model of Communication (1949). He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication making the communication more efficient.
The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message respectively.
Berlo's Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process. They are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the component is affected by many factors.
Components of Berlo's Model of Communication
S -Sender Source
Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or source sends the message to the receiver. The following are the factor related to sender and is also the same in the case of receiver.
Communication Skills
Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication process. If the sender has good communication skills, the message will be communicated better than if the sender's communication skills are not good. Similarly, if the receiver can not grasp the message, then the communication will not be effective. Communication skills include the skills to speak, present, read, write, listening, etc.
Attitude
The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect of the message. The person's attitude towards self, the receiver and the environment changes the meaning and effect of the message.
Knowledge
Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect more. Knowledge on the subject matter makes the communicator send the message effectively.
Social Systems
Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender's way of communicating the message. It creates difference in the generation of message. Place and situation also fall under social systems.
Culture
Cultural differences make messages different. A person from one culture might find something offensive which is very much accepted in another culture.
M-Message
A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or other media. The key factors affecting the message are
Content
Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end is the content.
Elements
Elements are the non verbal things that tag along with the content like gestures, signs, language, etc.
Treatment
Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the receiver.
Structure
The structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message.
Code
Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text, video, etc.
C-Channel
Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other forms of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet, etc. But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the channel for the communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.
Hearing - We receive the message through hearing.
Seeing - We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing.
Touching - Many of the non-verbal communication happens from touching like holding hands.
Smelling - We collect information from smelling.
Tasting - Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.
R- Receiver
Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective. The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender.
Communication skills
Attitudes
Knowledge
Social Systems
Culture
Criticisms of Berlo's SMCR Model:
December 2004
1. Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
List-I List-II
(Distinguished Ladies) (Area of work)
(A) Jhumpa Lahiri (i) Journalist
(B) Barkha Dutt (ii) Novel Writing
(C) Aparna Sen (iii) Film Actress
(D) Smita Patil (iv) Film Director
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(B) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
(C) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(D) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
Answer B
Nilanjana Sudeshna "Jhumpa" Lahiri is an American author. Lahiri has been selected as the winner of the 29th PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short story.
Barkha Dutt is an Indian television journalist.
Aparna Sen is an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter and actress who is known for her work in Bengali cinema.
Smita Patil was an Indian actress of film, television and theatre.
2. Which of the following pair is not correctly matched?
(A) Aajtaak - 24 hours news channel
(B) F.M. Stations - Radio
(C) National Geography channel - Television
(D) Vir Sanghvi - India Today
Answer D
Vir Sanghvi (born 5 July 1956) is an Indian print and television journalist, columnist, and talk show host. He has been a member of many professional, academic and government bodies including the National Integration Council. Currently, he is a member of the Broadcast Content Complaint Council (BCCC), a body that regulates content on entertainment TV channels and Co-Founder/Lead Food Critic at EazyDiner.
3. Which is the oldest soap opera telecasted in India?
(A) Kahani Ghar Ghar Ki
(B) Buniad
(C) Humlog
(D) Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thee
Answer C
Hum Log (English: We People) was Indian television's first soap opera and also the first serial drama series on India. It began telecast on Doordarshan, India's national network on 7 July 1984, then the only television channel of India.
A soap opera or soap, is a serial drama on television or radio that examines the lives of many characters, usually focusing on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama. The term soap opera originated from such dramas in the past being typically sponsored by soap manufacturers..
4. Which satellite channel uses the adline, “Knowing is everything”?
(A) BBC World
(B) Star
(C) Sony
(D) Zee
Answer A
5. Which is the “First made in India” Kids channel of television ?
(A) Cartoon Network
(B) Walt Disney
(C) United Home Entertainment's Hungama TV
(D) Nick Jr.
संचार बाधाओं पर काबू पाने: -
विभिन्न संचार अवरोधों को दूर करने के लिए निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए: -
1)। विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए रचनात्मक वातावरण बनाया जाना चाहिए
2)। विचार / सूचना हस्तांतरण के लिए उचित संचार चैनल का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए
3)। खुले दिमाग वाले लोगों द्वारा संवाद करते समय सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण बनाए रखने का प्रयास करना चाहिए।
4)। किसी को प्रत्यक्ष, सरल भाषा का प्रयोग करना चाहिए और एक से अधिक अर्थ वाले शब्दों से बचने चाहिए।
5)। जानकारी के मुफ़्त प्रवाह को अलग-अलग स्तरों के बीच दोनों खड़ी और क्षैतिज रूप से होना चाहिए।
6)। फीडबैक देने से पहले उचित सुनवाई के माध्यम से विचार / सूचना को समझने की कोशिश करनी चाहिए।
Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication
In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo's Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver's Model of Communication (1949). He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication making the communication more efficient.
The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message respectively.
Berlo's Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process. They are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the component is affected by many factors.
Components of Berlo's Model of Communication
S -Sender Source
Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or source sends the message to the receiver. The following are the factor related to sender and is also the same in the case of receiver.
Communication Skills
Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication process. If the sender has good communication skills, the message will be communicated better than if the sender's communication skills are not good. Similarly, if the receiver can not grasp the message, then the communication will not be effective. Communication skills include the skills to speak, present, read, write, listening, etc.
Attitude
The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect of the message. The person's attitude towards self, the receiver and the environment changes the meaning and effect of the message.
Knowledge
Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect more. Knowledge on the subject matter makes the communicator send the message effectively.
Social Systems
Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender's way of communicating the message. It creates difference in the generation of message. Place and situation also fall under social systems.
Culture
Cultural differences make messages different. A person from one culture might find something offensive which is very much accepted in another culture.
M-Message
A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or other media. The key factors affecting the message are
Content
Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end is the content.
Elements
Elements are the non verbal things that tag along with the content like gestures, signs, language, etc.
Treatment
Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the receiver.
Structure
The structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message.
Code
Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text, video, etc.
C-Channel
Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other forms of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet, etc. But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the channel for the communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.
Hearing - We receive the message through hearing.
Seeing - We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing.
Touching - Many of the non-verbal communication happens from touching like holding hands.
Smelling - We collect information from smelling.
Tasting - Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.
R- Receiver
Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective. The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender.
Communication skills
Attitudes
Knowledge
Social Systems
Culture
Criticisms of Berlo's SMCR Model:
- There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered.
- There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in communication process.
- It is a linear model of communication, there is no two way communication.
- Both of the people must be similar according to all the factors mentioned above.
December 2004
1. Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
List-I List-II
(Distinguished Ladies) (Area of work)
(A) Jhumpa Lahiri (i) Journalist
(B) Barkha Dutt (ii) Novel Writing
(C) Aparna Sen (iii) Film Actress
(D) Smita Patil (iv) Film Director
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(B) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
(C) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(D) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
Answer B
Nilanjana Sudeshna "Jhumpa" Lahiri is an American author. Lahiri has been selected as the winner of the 29th PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short story.
Barkha Dutt is an Indian television journalist.
Aparna Sen is an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter and actress who is known for her work in Bengali cinema.
Smita Patil was an Indian actress of film, television and theatre.
2. Which of the following pair is not correctly matched?
(A) Aajtaak - 24 hours news channel
(B) F.M. Stations - Radio
(C) National Geography channel - Television
(D) Vir Sanghvi - India Today
Answer D
Vir Sanghvi (born 5 July 1956) is an Indian print and television journalist, columnist, and talk show host. He has been a member of many professional, academic and government bodies including the National Integration Council. Currently, he is a member of the Broadcast Content Complaint Council (BCCC), a body that regulates content on entertainment TV channels and Co-Founder/Lead Food Critic at EazyDiner.
(A) Kahani Ghar Ghar Ki
(B) Buniad
(C) Humlog
(D) Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thee
Answer C
Hum Log (English: We People) was Indian television's first soap opera and also the first serial drama series on India. It began telecast on Doordarshan, India's national network on 7 July 1984, then the only television channel of India.
A soap opera or soap, is a serial drama on television or radio that examines the lives of many characters, usually focusing on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama. The term soap opera originated from such dramas in the past being typically sponsored by soap manufacturers..
4. Which satellite channel uses the adline, “Knowing is everything”?
(A) BBC World
(B) Star
(C) Sony
(D) Zee
Answer A
5. Which is the “First made in India” Kids channel of television ?
(A) Cartoon Network
(B) Walt Disney
(C) United Home Entertainment's Hungama TV
(D) Nick Jr.
Answer C
December 2005
1. Level C of the effectiveness of communication is defined as:
(A) channel noise
(B) semantic noise
(C) psychological noise
(D) source noise
Answer A
The Shannon-Weawer Model
According to Shannon and Weawer, the communication process presents problems at three different levels:
Level A. The Technical Problem.
It is concerned with the accuracy of transference of symbols of communication from sender to receiver, the accuracy depending on the technical efficacy of the medium (e.g. a telephone set) and of the channel (e.g. a telephone cable).
Level B. The Semantic Problem.
It is concerned with identity or satisfactorily close approximation of the intended meaning of the sender and the interpretation of meaning by the receiver.
Level C. The Effectiveness Problem.
It is concerned with the extent to which the received meaning affects the conduct of the receiver in the way desired by the sender.
Level C involves the effectiveness problem where we find out how effectively the message is delivered and how the message is decoded. This problem only arises due to the source of communication such as transferring message through phones can create technical issue while communication.
2. Recording a television programme on a VCR is an example of:
(A) time-shifting
(B) content reference
(C) mechanical clarity
(D) media synchronisation
Answer D
3. A good communicator is the one who offers to his audience:
(A) plentiful of information
(B) a good amount of statistics
(C) concise proof
(D) repetition of facts
Answer A
4. The largest number of
newspapers in India is published from the state of:
(A) Kerala
(B) Maharashtra
(C) West Bengal
(D) Uttar Pradesh
Answer D
Uttar Pradesh published
the maximum number of newspapers in a single language i.e., 1608 in Hindi.
Other states with notable number of language newspapers were Rajasthan 701 in
Hindi, Delhi 594 in Hindi, Gujarat 741 in Gujarati, West Bengal 389 in Bengali,
Madhya Pradesh 466 in Hindi and Maharashtra 312 in Marathi.
5. Which of the following
statement is correct?
(A) Communicator should
have fine senses
(B) Communicator should
have tolerance power
(C) Communicator should
be soft spoken
(D) Communicator should
have good personality
Answer A Communicator
should have fine senses by which he may able to select, encode, and communicate
the communicative material
6. Communications
bandwidth that has the highest capacity and is used by microwave, cable and
fibre optics lines is known as:
(A) hyper-link
(B) broadband
(C) bus width
(D) carrier wave
Answer B
In telecommunications,
broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which transports multiple signals
and traffic types. The medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio or
twisted pair.
In the context of
Internet access, broadband is used to mean any high-speed Internet access that
is always on and faster than traditional dial-up access.
used for High speed
fiber optic, microwave, satellite transmission
7. An electronic bill board
that has a short text or graphical advertising message is referred to as:
(A) bulletin
(B) strap
(C) bridge line
(D) banner
Answer D
8. A negative reaction to
a mediated communication is described as:
(A) flak
(B) fragmented feedback
(C) passive response
(D) non-conformity
Answer C
June 2006
1. The function of mass
communication of supplying information regarding the processes, issues, events
and societal developments is known as:
(A) content supply
(B) surveillance
(C) gratification
(D) correlation
Answer A
2. The science of the
study of feedback systems in humans, animals and machines is known as:
(A) cybernetics
(B) reverse
communication
(C) selectivity study
(D) response analysis
Answer A
Cybernetics is a
transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures,
constraints, and possibilities. Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics in 1948 as
"the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the
machine." In the 21st century, the term is often used in a rather loose
way to imply "control of any system using technology." In other
words, it is the scientific study of how humans, animals and machines control
and communicate with each other.
3. Networked media exist
in inter-connected:
(A) social environments
(B) economic
environments
(C) political
environments
(D) technological
environments
Answer D
4. The combination of
computing, telecommunications and media in a digital atmosphere is referred to
as:
(A) online communication
(B) integrated media
(C) digital combine
(D) convergence
Answer D
Growth in the information and technology (ICT) sector has exploded over the past 20 years. Dynamic market and technology developments have led to a phenomenon known as convergence, defined in this volume as the erosion of boundaries between previously separate ICT services, networks, and business practices.
Growth in the information and technology (ICT) sector has exploded over the past 20 years. Dynamic market and technology developments have led to a phenomenon known as convergence, defined in this volume as the erosion of boundaries between previously separate ICT services, networks, and business practices.
5. A dialogue between a
human-being and a computer programme that occurs simultaneously in various
forms is described as:
(A) man-machine speak
(B) binary chat
(C) digital talk
(D) interactivity
Answer D
The Psychology of
Human-Computer Interaction, although the authors first used the term in 1980
and the first known use was in 1975. The term connotes that, unlike other tools
with only limited uses (such as a hammer, useful for driving nails but not much
else), a computer has many uses and this takes place as an open-ended dialog
between the user and the computer. The notion of dialog likens human-computer
interaction to human-to-human interaction, an analogy which is crucial to
theoretical considerations in the field
6. 'SITE' stands for:
(A) System for
International technology and Engineering
(B) Satellite
Instructional Television Experiment
(C) South Indian Trade
Estate
(D) State Institute of
Technology and Engineering
Answer B
December 2006
1. Which one of the following can be termed as verbal
communication?
(A) Prof. Sharma
delivered the lecture in the class room.
(B) Signal at the
cross-road changed from green to orange.
(C) The child was crying
to attract the attention of the mother.
(D) Dipak wrote a letter
for leave application.
Answer A
2. Which is the 24 hours English Business news channel in India?
(A) Zee News
(B) NDTV 24×7
(C) CNBC
(D) India News
Answer C
3. Consider the
following statements in communication:
(i) Hema Malini is the
Chairperson of the Children’s Film Society, India.
(ii) Yash Chopra is the
Chairman of the Central Board of Film Certification of India.
(iii) Sharmila Tagore is
the Chairperson of National Film Development Corporation.
(iv) Dilip Kumar, Raj
Kapoor and Preeti Zinta have all been recipients of Dada Saheb Phalke Award.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(A) (i) and (iii)
(B) (ii) and (iii)
(C) (iv) only
(D) (iii) only
Answer No option is correct
i) Acclaimed film actress-cum-director Nandita Das will be next chairperson of the Children’s Film Society of India (CFSI).
The Chairperson of CFSI is selected for a duration of three years, and over the years, several notable personalities have remained Chairperson of CFSI including Sai Paranjpye (twice),Nafisa Ali (2005–2008), Nandita Das. (2008–2012) and presently, the position has been taken over by director-writer-actor, Amol Gupte, from 2012 onwards.
Mukesh Khanna: Chairperson, Children's Film Society of India (CFSI) Appointed in April this year after Amole Gupte, director of child-centric films like Stanley Ka Dabba and Hawaa Hawaai, resigned in June 2014. Khanna played the Indian superhero Shaktimaan.
Actor Mukesh Khanna 28 Feb 2018 said he has resigned as the chairperson of the Children's Film Society two months prior to the end of his term, alleging lack of support to take children's films to theatres and inadequate funding for the institution
i) Acclaimed film actress-cum-director Nandita Das will be next chairperson of the Children’s Film Society of India (CFSI).
The Chairperson of CFSI is selected for a duration of three years, and over the years, several notable personalities have remained Chairperson of CFSI including Sai Paranjpye (twice),Nafisa Ali (2005–2008), Nandita Das. (2008–2012) and presently, the position has been taken over by director-writer-actor, Amol Gupte, from 2012 onwards.
Mukesh Khanna: Chairperson, Children's Film Society of India (CFSI) Appointed in April this year after Amole Gupte, director of child-centric films like Stanley Ka Dabba and Hawaa Hawaai, resigned in June 2014. Khanna played the Indian superhero Shaktimaan.
Actor Mukesh Khanna 28 Feb 2018 said he has resigned as the chairperson of the Children's Film Society two months prior to the end of his term, alleging lack of support to take children's films to theatres and inadequate funding for the institution
ii) The Board consist of 25 other non-official members and a Chairperson (all of whom are appointed by Central Government). Prasoon Joshi currently presides the board, being appointed as the 28th Chairperson of the Board on 11 August 2017, after the ouster of Pahlaj Nihalani , who was preceded by Leela Samson who had resigned after the CBFC's rejection of a certificate for the film MSG: Messenger of God was overturned by an appellate tribunal. Earlier, Leela Samson had succeeded Sharmila Tagore, who was the longest continuous running Chairperson in the history. Nihalani was the 27th Chairperson after the Board's establishment. His appointment was highly controversial given his propensity for censoring films instead of merely certifying them.
iii) The National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) based in Mumbai is the central agency established in 1975, to encourage high quality Indian cinema. It functions in areas of film financing, production and distribution and under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. The primary goal of the NFDC is to plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of the Indian Film Industry and foster excellence in cinema.
Film journalist and former editor of Filmfare, B. K. Karanjia remained the chairman of the NFDC for several years, he had been instrumental in the establishment of its predecessor, Film Finance Corporartion. Director Ramesh Sippy took over the position of chairman of NFDC in 2012. He replaced actor Om Puri who was appointed in 2008
Suresh Gopi to Replace Ramesh Sippy as NFDC Chairman in 2015
iv) Preeti Zinta never got Dada Saheb Phalke Award.
Dadasaheb Phalke Award/Winners (2017) Kasinathuni Viswanath
iii) The National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) based in Mumbai is the central agency established in 1975, to encourage high quality Indian cinema. It functions in areas of film financing, production and distribution and under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. The primary goal of the NFDC is to plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of the Indian Film Industry and foster excellence in cinema.
Film journalist and former editor of Filmfare, B. K. Karanjia remained the chairman of the NFDC for several years, he had been instrumental in the establishment of its predecessor, Film Finance Corporartion. Director Ramesh Sippy took over the position of chairman of NFDC in 2012. He replaced actor Om Puri who was appointed in 2008
Suresh Gopi to Replace Ramesh Sippy as NFDC Chairman in 2015
iv) Preeti Zinta never got Dada Saheb Phalke Award.
Dadasaheb Phalke Award/Winners (2017) Kasinathuni Viswanath
4. Which of the
following pair is not correctly matched?
(A) N. Ram: The Hindu
(B) Barkha Dutt : Zee
News
(C) Pranay Roy: NDTV
24×7
(D) Prabhu Chawla: Aaj
taak
Answer B
5. “Because you deserve
to know” is the punchline used by:
(A) The Times of India
(B) The Hindu
(C) Indian Express
(D) Hindustan Times
Answer D
6. Which is the dress of
the heroine in Veer-Zaara?
(A) Traditional Gujarati
Clothes
(B) Traditional Bengali
Clothes
(C) Traditional Punjabi
Clothes
(D) Traditional Madras
Clothes
June 2007
1. Press Council of India is located at:
(A) Chennai
(B) Mumbai
(C) Kolkata
(D) Delhi
Answer D
The Press Council of India is a statutory body in India that governs the conduct of the print media. It is one of the most important bodies that sustain democracy, as it has supreme power in regard to the media to ensure that freedom of speech is maintained. However, it is also empowered to hold hearings on receipt of complaints and take suitable action where appropriate. It may either warn or censure the errant journalists on finding them guilty. It did so on 21st July 2006, when it censured three newspapers — Times of India (Delhi and Pune), Punjab Kesari (Delhi) and Mid Day (Mumbai) — for violation of norms of journalistic conduct. The Council's actions may not be questioned unless it is proved to be in violation of the constitution, which makes it an exceedingly powerful body.
Justice Chandramauli Kumar Prasad is Chairman of the Council as of 2015. The predecessor was Justice Markandey Katju (2011 – 2014).
2. Adjusting the photo for publication by cutting is technically known as:
(A) Photo cutting
(B) Photo bleeding
(C) Photo cropping
(D) Photo adjustment
Answer C
3. Feed-back of a message comes from:
(A) Satellite
(B) Media
(C) Audience
(D) Communicator
Answer C
4. Collection of information in advance before designing communication strategy is known as:
(A) Feed-back
(B) Feed-forward
(C) Research study
(D) Opinion poll
Answer D
5. The aspect ratio of TV screen is:
(A) 4:3
(B) 4:2
(C) 3:5
(D) 2:3
December 2007
1. DTH service was started in the year:
(A) 2000
(B) 2002
(C) 2004
(D) 2006
Answer C
The first DTH service in the country was launched by Dish TV on 2 October 2003. DD Free Dish, the first free DTH service in India, was launched by public broadcaster Prasar Bharati in December 2004.
2. National Press day is celebrated on:
(A) 16th November
(B) 19th November
(C) 21th November
(D) 30th November
Answer A
3. The total number of members in the Press Council of India are:
(A) 28
(B) 14
(C) 17
(D) 20
Answer A
The Press Council is headed by a Chairman: usually, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India (except for the first chairman, Justice J. R. Mudholkar, who was a sitting judge of Supreme Court of India in 1968).It consists of a Chairman and 28 other members. Of the 28 members, 13 represent the working journalists. Of whom 6 are to be editors of newspapers and remaining 7(2members missing) are to be working journalists other than editors. 6 are to be from among persons who own or carry on the business of management of newspapers. One is to be from among the persons who manage news agencies. Three are to be persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of education and science, law and literature and culture. The remaining five are to Members of Parliament : three from Lok Sabha, and two from Rajya Sabha. The members serve on the Council for a term of three years. The Council was last reconstituted on 22 May 2001. The present Chairman is Justice Chandramauli Kumar Prasad.
4. The right to impart and receive information is guaranteed in the Constitution of India by Article:
(A) 19 (2) (a)
(B) 19(16)
(C) 19(2)
(D) 19(1) (a)
Answer D
The Right to information is indisputably a fundamental right. It is a facet of “right to speech and expression” as provided in art 19(1) (a). Right to know has increased the efficiency of decision making process. It has set a transparency and determines accountability in the working of public department. Reduction in corruption in public department is due to the implementation of Right to Information Act, 2005.
5. Use of radio for higher education is based on the presumption of:
(A) Enriching curriculum based instruction
(B) Replacing teacher in the long run
(C) Everybody having access to a radio set
(D) Other means of instruction getting outdated
Answer C
June 2008
(A) Group communication
(B) Grapevine communication
(C) Interpersonal communication
(D) Intrapersonal communication
Answer D
2. Which broadcasting system for TV is followed in India ?
(A) NTSE
(B) PAL
(C) SECAM
(D) NTCS
Answer B
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television used in broadcast television systems in most countries broadcasting at 625-line / 50 field (25 frame) per second (576i). Other common colour encoding systems are NTSC and SECAM.
3. All India Radio before 1936 was known as:
(A) Indian Radio Broadcasting
(B) Broadcasting Service of India
(C) Indian Broadcasting Service
(D) All India Broadcasting Service
Answer C
All India Radio had formally started functioning in 1936. Prior to this, the radio broadcasting had started in India under the banner of Indian Broadcasting Company. This company was taken over by the Government and in March 1935, the office of Controller of broadcasting was started in India. One year later, the name of Indian broadcasting was changed to All India Radio. The first AIR station was Delhi, which was followed by Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Lucknow and Tiruchi. The term Akashavani was coined by Professor Dr. M.V. Gopalaswamy for his radio station in Mysore during 1936, however, AIR started using this name since 1957.
4. The biggest news agency of India is:
(A) PTI
(B) UNI
(C) NANAP
(D) Samachar Bharati
Answer A
Press Trust of India (PTI) is the largest news agency in India. It is headquartered in New Delhi and is a nonprofit cooperative among more than 500 Indian newspapers and has more than 1,000 full-time employees, as on January 22, 2016.5. Prasar Bharati was launched in the year:
(A) 1995
(B) 1997
(C) 1999
(D) 2001
Answer B
23 November 1997, New DelhiPrasar Bharati is a statutory autonomous body established under the Prasar Bharati Act and came into existence on 23.11.1997. It is the Public Service Broadcaster of the country. The objectives of public service broadcasting are achieved in terms of Prasar Bharati Act through All India Radio and Doordarshan, which earlier were working as media units under the Ministry of I&B and since the above said date became constituents of Prasar Bharati.
December 2008
1. Community Radio is a type of radio service that caters to the interest of:
(A) Local audience
(B) Education
(C) Entertainment
(D) News
Answer A
2. Orcut is a part of:
(A) Intra personal Communication
(B) Mass Communication
(C) Group Communication
(D) Interpersonal Communication
Answer D
3. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:
List-I List - II
(Artists) (Art)
(a) Amrita Shergill (i) Flute
(b) T. Swaminathan Pillai (ii) Classical Song
(c) Bhimsenjoshi (iii) Painting
(d) Padma Subramaniyam (iv) Bharat Natyam
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
(B) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (i) (iv) (ii) (iii)
Answer A
Amrita Sher-Gil was an eminent Hungarian-Indian painter. She has been called "one of the greatest avant-garde women artists of the early 20th century"
Thiruvalaputhur Swaminatha Pillai (died 13 March 1972) is an Indian dancer from Tamil Nadu.
Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi 4 February 1922 – 24 January 2011) was a legendary Indian vocalist from Karnataka in the Hindustani classical tradition. He is known for the khayal form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music
Amrita Sher-Gil was an eminent Hungarian-Indian painter. She has been called "one of the greatest avant-garde women artists of the early 20th century"
Thiruvalaputhur Swaminatha Pillai (died 13 March 1972) is an Indian dancer from Tamil Nadu.
Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi 4 February 1922 – 24 January 2011) was a legendary Indian vocalist from Karnataka in the Hindustani classical tradition. He is known for the khayal form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music
Dr. Padma Subrahmanyam (born 4 February 1943, in Madras), is an Indian classical Bharata Natyam dancer. She is also a research scholar, choreographer, music composer, musician, school teacher and author. She is famous in India as well as abroad: several films and documentaries have been made in her honor by countries like Japan, Australia and Russia. She is well known as the developer and founder of the dance form Bharata Nrithyam. She is a devotee of the Paramacharya of Kanchi.
4. Which is not correct in latest communication award?
(A) Salman Rushdie - Booker's Prize - July 20, 2008
(B) Dilip Sanghavi - Business Standard CEO Award July 22, 2008
(C) Tapan Sinha - Dada Saheb Falke Award, July 21, 2008
(D) Gautam Ghosh - Osians Lifetime Achievement Award July 11, 2008
Answer A and D
A Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie, born 19 June 1947[6]) is a British Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was deemed to be "the best novel of all winners" on two separate occasions, marking the 25th and the 40th anniversary of the prize.
D Eminent filmmaker and pioneer of alternative cinema Mrinal Sen was on Friday felicitated with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 10th edition of the Osian's Cinefest Film Festival 2008 in New Delhi. The award was given by filmmaker Mani Kaul.
D Eminent filmmaker and pioneer of alternative cinema Mrinal Sen was on Friday felicitated with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 10th edition of the Osian's Cinefest Film Festival 2008 in New Delhi. The award was given by filmmaker Mani Kaul.
5. Firewalls are used to protect a communication network system against:
(A) Unauthorized attacks
(B) Virus attacks
(C) Data-driven attacks
(D) Fire-attacks
Answer A
The network firewall is the first line of defense for traffic that passes in and out of a network. The firewall examines traffic to ensure it meets the security requirements set by the organization, and unauthorized access attempts are blocked.
Codes:
Pandit Kishan Maharaj (Hindi: किशन महाराज) (3 September 1923 – 4 May 2008) was an Indian tabla player who belonged to the Benares gharana
Ravi Shankar, 7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012), born Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury, his name often preceded by the title Pandit ('Master'), was a Bengali Indian musician and a composer of Hindustani classical music. He was one of the best-known exponents of the sitar in the second half of the 20th century and influenced many other musicians throughout the world. Uday Shankar, was an Indian dancer and choreographer, best known for creating a fusion style of dance, adapting European theatrical techniques to Indian classical dance
December 2012
June 2013
September
2013
December
2013
June 2014
December 2014
3. Every type of communication is affected by its:
June 2009
1. Which one of the following Telephonic Conferencing with a radio link is very popular throughout the world?
(A) TPS
(B) Telepresence
(C) Video conference
(D) Video teletext
Answer C
2. Which is not 24 hours news channel?
(A) NDTV24x7
(B) ZEE News
(C) Aajtak
(D) Lok Sabha channel
Answer D
3. The main objective of F.M. station in radio is:
(A) Information, Entertainment and Tourism
(C) Tourism, Interaction and Entertainment
(D) Entertainment only
Answer B
4. In communication chatting in internet is:
(A) Verbal communication
(B) Non verbal communication
(C) Parallel communication
(D) Grapevine communication
Answer C
5. Match List-I with List-II and select List-I t the correct answer using the codes gh List-II
(Artists) (Art)
(a) Pandit Jasraj (i) Hindustani vocalist
(b) Kishan Maharaj (ii) Sitar
(c) Ravi Shankar (iii) Tabla
(d) Udai Shankar (iv) Dance
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(B) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
(C) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(D) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
Answer CPandit Kishan Maharaj (Hindi: किशन महाराज) (3 September 1923 – 4 May 2008) was an Indian tabla player who belonged to the Benares gharana
Ravi Shankar, 7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012), born Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury, his name often preceded by the title Pandit ('Master'), was a Bengali Indian musician and a composer of Hindustani classical music. He was one of the best-known exponents of the sitar in the second half of the 20th century and influenced many other musicians throughout the world. Uday Shankar, was an Indian dancer and choreographer, best known for creating a fusion style of dance, adapting European theatrical techniques to Indian classical dance
December 2009
1. The country which has the distinction of having the two largest circulated newspapers in the world is
(A) Great Britain
(B) The United States
(C) Japan
(D) China
Answer C
The Japanese Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun are still the largest circulated newspapers in the world. The Times of India is the largest circulated English-language daily newspaper in the world, across all formats (Broadsheet, Compact, Berliner and Online)
2. The chronological order of non-verbal communication is
(A) Signs, symbols, codes, colours
(B) Symbols, codes, signs, colours
(C) Colours, signs, codes, symbols
(D) Codes, colours, symbols, signs
Answer A
3. Which of the following statements is not connected with communication?
(A) Medium is the message.
(B) The world is an electronic cocoon.
(C) Information is power.
(D) Telepathy is technological.
Answer D
Imagine if telepathy were real. If, for example, you could transmit your thoughts to a computer or to another person just by thinking them.
4. Communication becomes circular when
(A) the decoder becomes an encoder
(B) the feedback is absent
(C) the source is credible
(D) the channel is clear
Answer A
5. The site that played a major role during the terrorist attack on Mumbai (26/11) in 2008 was
(A) Orkut
(B) Facebook
(C) Amazon.com
(D) Twitter
Answer D
6. Assertion (A): For an effective classroom communication at times it is desirable to use the projection technology.
Reason (R): Using the projection technology facilitates extensive coverage of course contents.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation.
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer AJune 2010
(a) Audience attitude
(B) Audience knowledge
(C) Audience education
(D) Audience income
Answer A
2. Post-modernism is associated with
(A) Newspapers
(B) Magazines
(C) Radio
(D) Television
Answer D
3. Didactic communication is
(A) Intra-personal
(B) Inter-personal
(C) Organisational
(D) Relational
Answer B
Didactics is a theory of teaching, and in a wider sense, a theory and practical application of teaching and learning. In demarcation from "mathematics" (the science of learning), didactics refers only to the science of teaching.
This teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to present information to students. The didactic method of instruction is often contrasted with dialectics and the Socratic method; the term can also be used to refer to a specific didactic method, as for instance constructivist didactics
4. In communication, the language is
(A) The non-verbal code
(B) The verbal code
(C) The symbolic code
(D) The iconic code
Answer B
5. Identify the correct sequence of the following:
(A) Source, channel, message, receiver
(B) Source, receiver, channel, message
(C) Source, message, receiver, channel
(D) Source, message, channel, receiver
Answer D
This is the basic communications model, identified in 1949 by Shannon and Weaver, that distinguishes something of what happens between the person speaking (/writing, etc.) and the person listening (/watching, etc.).
Sequence
The basic sequence of the model is Source => Message => Channel => Receiver.
6. Assertion (A): Mass media promote a culture of violence in the society.
Reason (R): Because violence sells in the market as people themselves are violent in character.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) Both (A) and (R) are false.
Answer C
December 2010
(A) Networked media
(B) Connective media
(C) Nodal media
(D) Multimedia
Answer A
2. The information function of mass communication is described as
(A) diffusion
(B) publicity
(C) surveillance
(D) diversion
Answer c
The major functions of mass communication are :
1. Surveillance
2. Interpretation
3. Transmission of values
4. Lineage
5. Entertainment.
The functions served by mass communication are very similar to those fulfilled by others types of communications.
3. An example of asynchronous medium is
(A) Radio
(B) Television
(C) Film
(D) Newspaper
Answer D
Asynchronous Medium A communications medium that does not requires that both parties are present at the same time in the same space (for example: e-mail).
The word synchronous means working together at the same time, and in the online learning world, chat rooms and online conferences are good examples of synchronous communication. In a chat room, people's comments to each other are relayed immediately, enabling a real-time discourse. Similarly, online conferencing with the benefit of voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) tools enable real-time conversations to take place online. Learning from synchronous communication is enhanced because real-time conversations allow people to explore, through writing or talking, the class concepts. The act of verbalizing helps students build bridges between different ideas and concepts, thus helping them retain information more effectively.
Asynchronous communication is the relay of information with a time lag. Discussion forums and email are two examples of how asynchronous communication is employed in online learning. It is very helpful to communicate in this way, because students have plenty of time to formulate thoughts. By communicating via email, students are able to respond in detail to a question or topic that they might have answered incompletely in a real-time conversation. This time lag in communication helps students internalize information by giving them time to research certain ideas or merely extra time for contemplation. The main disadvantage to asynchronous communication is time lost waiting for a response..
4. In communication, connotative words are
(A) Explicit
(B) Abstract
(C) Simple
(D) Cultural
Answer D
A connotation is a commonly understood cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to its explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation.
5. A message beneath a message is labelled as
(A) Embedded text
(B) Internal text
(C)Inter-text
(D) Sub-text
Answer D
6. In analog mass communication, stories are
(A) Static
(B) Dynamic
(C) Interactive
(D) Exploratory
Answer A
Analog mass communication is the one way process of transferring message to the receiver, or audience. Here the audience is large so they utilize analog media which was originally used in audio recording that was analogous to the count it was recreating. Here the contents can be only linear and static not dynamic
June 2011
1. Public communication tends to occur within a more
(A) Complex structure
(B) Political structure
(C) Convenient structure
(D) Formal structure
Answer C
2. Transforming thoughts, ideas and messages into verbal and non-verbal signs is referred to as
(A) Channelisation
(B) Mediation
(C) Encoding
(D) Decoding
Answer C
3. Effective communication needs a supportive
(A) Economic environment
(B) Political environment
(C) Social environment
(D) Multi-cultural environment
Answer C
4. A major barrier in the transmission of cognitive data in the process of communication is an individual’s
(A) Personality
(B) Expectation
(C) Social status
(D) Coding ability
Answer D
5. When communicated, institutionalized stereotypes become
(A) Myths
(B) Reasons
(C) Experiences
(D) Convictions a firmly held belief or opinion.
Answer D a firmly held belief or opinion.
6. In mass communication, selective perception is dependent on the receiver’s
(A) Competence
(B) Pre-disposition
(C) Receptivity
(D) Ethnicity
Answer C
December 2011
1. Photo bleeding means
(A) Photo cropping
(B) Photo placement
(C) Photo cutting
(D) Photo colour adjustment
Answer D
In printing, bleed is printing that goes beyond the edge of where the sheet will be trimmed. In other words, the bleed is the area to be trimmed off. The bleed is the part on the side of a document that gives the printer a small amount of space to account for movement of the paper, and design inconsistencies. Artwork and background colors often extend into the bleed area. After trimming, the bleed ensures that no unprinted edges occur in the final trimmed document.
2. While designing communication strategy feed-forward studies are conducted by
(A) Audience
(B) Communicator
(C) Satellite
(D) Media
Answer B
Communication Strategies: Feedforward
Literary and rhetorical critic, I. A. Richards, once remarked that there was nothing he learned that was more important than the concept of feedforward. It’s an essential part of any communication act and yet is regularly ignored in many, if not most, of our textbooks. This is especially strange since we all give much attention to feedback; the other half needs to be given its due.
Feedforward is information you provide before sending your primary message. Feedforward reveals something about the message to come. Feedforward exists in all forms of communication. Examples of feedforward include the preface or table of contents of a book, the opening paragraph of a chapter, movie previews, magazine covers, and introductions in public speeches. Feedforward may serve a variety of functions. Here are some of the major functions:
< To Open the Channels of Communication. Feedforward helps you open the channels of communication and tells you another person is willing to communicate. It tells you that the normal, expected, and accepted rules of interaction will be in effect. It’s the “How are you” and “Nice weather” greetings that are designed to maintain rapport and friendly relationships.
< To Preview the Message. Feedforward messages may, for example, preview the content (“I’m afraid I have bad news for you”), the importance (“Listen to this before you make a move”), the form or style (“I’ll tell you all the gory details”), and the positive or negative quality of subsequent messages (“You’re not going to like this, but here’s what I heard”). The subject heading on your e-mail illustrates this function of feedforward, as do the phone numbers and names that come up on your caller ID.
< To Disclaim. The disclaimer is a statement that aims to ensure that your message will be understood as you want it to be and that it will not reflect negatively on you. For example, you might use a disclaimer when you think that what you’re going to say may be met with opposition. Thus, you say “I’m not against immigration, but . . .” or “Don’t think I’m homophobic, but . . .”
< To Altercast. Feedforward is often used to place the receiver in a specific role and to request responses in terms of this assumed role, a process called altercasting. For example, you might altercast by asking a friend, “As a future advertising executive, what would you think of corrective advertising?” This question casts your friend in the role of advertising executive (rather than parent, Democrat, or Baptist, for example) and asks that she or he answer from a particular perspective.
Here are a few suggestions for giving effective feedforward.
< Use feedforward to estimate the receptivity of the person to what you’re going to say. For example, before asking for a date, you’d probably use feedforward to test the waters and to see if you’re likely to get a “yes” response. You might ask if the other person enjoys going out to dinner or if he or she is dating anyone seriously. Before asking a friend for a loan, you’d probably feedforward your needy condition and say something like “I’m really strapped for cash and need to get my hands on $200 to pay my car loan” and wait for the other person to say (you hope), “Can I help?”
< Use feedforward that’s consistent with your subsequent message. If your main message is one of bad news, then your feedforward needs to be serious and help to prepare the other person for this bad news. You might, for example, say something like “I need to tell you something you’re not going to want to hear. Let’s sit down.”
< The more important or complex the message, the more important and more extensive your feedforward needs to be. For example, in public speaking, in which the message is relatively long, you’d probably want to give fairly extensive feedforward or what is called an orientation or preview. At the start of a business meeting, the leader may give feedforward in the form of an agenda or meeting schedule.
< Avoid using overly long feedforwards that make your listener wonder whether you’ll ever get to the business at hand. These will make you seem disorganized and lacking in focus.
3. In which language the newspapers have highest circulation?
(A) English
(B) Hindi
(C) Bengali
(D) Tamil
Answer B
| Rank | Newspaper | Headquarters | Language | Jul-Dec 2015 | Jan-Jun 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dainik Bhaskar | Bhopal | Hindi | 3,818,477 | 3,812,599 |
| 2 | Dainik Jagran | Kanpur | Hindi | 3,307,517 | |
| 3 | The Times of India | Mumbai | English | 3,057,678 | |
| 4 | Amar Ujala | Noida | Hindi | 2,935,111 | |
| 5 | Hindustan | New Delhi | Hindi | 2,409,604 | |
| 6 | Malayala Manorama | Kottayam | Malayalam | 2,342,747 | |
| 7 | Rajasthan Patrika | Jaipur | Hindi | 1,811,758 | |
| 8 | Eenadu | Hyderabad | Telugu | 1,807,581 | |
| 9 | Daily Thanthi | Chennai | Tamil | 1,667,442 | |
| 10 | The Hindu | Chennai | English | 1,518,082 | |
| 11 | Parichay Times | Delhi | Hindi | 43,000 | |
4. Aspect ratio of TV Screen is
(A) 4 : 3
(B) 3 : 4
(C) 2 : 3
(D) 2 : 4
Answer A
5. Communication with oneself is known as
(A) Organisational Communication
(B) Grapewine Communication
(C) Interpersonal Communication
(D) Intrapersonal Communication
Answer D
6. The term ‘SITE’ stands for
(A) Satellite Indian Television Experiment
(B) Satellite International Television Experiment
(C) Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
(D) Satellite Instructional Teachers Education
Answer CJune 2012
1. Video-Conferencing can be classified as one of the following types of communication :
(A) Visual one way
(B) Audio-Visual one way
(C) Audio-Visual two way
(D) Visual two way
Answer C
2. MC National University of Journalism and Communication is located at
(A) Lucknow
(B) Bhopal
(C) Chennai
(D) Mumbai
Answer B Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
3. All India Radio (A.I.R.) for broadcasting was named in the year
(A) 1926
(B) 1936
(C) 1946
(D) 1956
Answer B
4. In India for broadcasting TV programmes which system is followed ?
(A) NTCS
(B) PAL
(C) NTSE
(D) SECAM
Answer B
5. The term ‘DAVP’ stands for
(A) Directorate of Advertising & Vocal Publicity
(B) Division of Audio-Visual Publicity
(C) Department of Audio-Visual Publicity
(D) Directorate of Advertising & Visual Publicity
Answer D
The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity is the nodal agency of the Government of India for advertising by various Ministries and organisations of Government of India, including public sector undertakings and autonomous bodies.
6. The term “TRP” is associated with TV shows stands for
(A) Total Rating Points
(B) Time Rating Points
(C) Thematic Rating Points
(D) Television Rating Points
Answer D
Television Rating Point (TRP) is a tool provided to judge which programmes are viewed the most.
December 2012
1. The English word ‘Communication’ is derived from the words
(A) Communis and Communicare
(B) Communist and Commune
(C) Communism and Communalism
(D) Communion and Common sense
Answer A
2. Chinese Cultural Revolution leader Mao Zedong used a type of
communication to talk to the masses is known as
(A) Mass line communication
(B) Group communication
(C) Participatory communication
(D) Dialogue communication
Answer A
3. Conversing with the spirits and ancestors is termed as
(A) Transpersonal communication
(B) Intrapersonal communication
(C) Interpersonal communication
(D) Face-to-face communication
Answer A
Transpersonal
communication is interaction that occurs within a person's spiritual domain.
4. The largest circulated daily newspaper among the following is
(A) The Times of India
(B) The Indian Express
(C) The Hindu
(D) The Deccan Herald
Answer A
5. The pioneer of the silent feature film in India was
(A) K.A. Abbas
(B) Satyajit Ray
(C) B.R. Chopra
(D) Dada Sahib Phalke
Answer D
Dada sahib
phalke was the pioneer of the silent feature film in India because he was
released first silent in 18th May 1912. It was in marathi.
6. Classroom communication of a teacher rests on the principle of
(A) Infotainment
(B) Edutainment
(C) Entertainment
(D) Power equation
Answer B
June 2013
1. In the process of communication, which one of the following is
in the chronological order?
(A) Communicator, Medium, Receiver, Effect, Message
(B) Medium, Communicator, Message, Receiver, Effect
(C) Communicator, Message, Medium, Receiver, Effect.
(D) Message, Communicator, Medium, Receiver, Effect.
Answer C
2. Bengal Gazette, the first Newspaper in India was started in 1780
by
(A) Dr. Annie Besant
(B) James Augustus Hicky
(C) Lord Cripson
(D) A.O. Hume
Answer B
Founded by James
Augustus Hicky, a highly eccentric Irishman who had previously spent two years
in jail for debt, the newspaper was a strong critic of the administration of
the Governor General Warren Hastings.
3. Press censorship in India was imposed during the tenure of
the Prime Minister
(A) Rajeev Gandhi
(B) Narasimha Rao
(C) Indira Gandhi
(D) Deve Gowda
Answer C
In 1975, the
Indira Gandhi government imposed censorship of press during The Emergency. It
was removed at the end of emergency rule in March 1977.
According to the
Information Technology Rules 2011, objectionable content includes anything that
“threatens the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India,
friendly relations with foreign states or public order".
4. Communication
via New media such as computers, teleshopping, internet and mobile telephony is
termed as
(A) Entertainment
(B) Interactive communication
(C) Developmental communication
(D) Communication
Answer B
5. Classroom communication of a teacher rests on the principle of
(A) Infotainment
(B) Edutainment
(C) Entertainment
(D) Enlightenment
Answer B
6. __________________ is important when a teacher communicates with
his/her student.
(A) Sympathy
(B) Empathy
(C) Apathy
(D) Antipathy
Answer B
the
ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
September
2013
1. Classroom communication is normally considered as
(B) affective
(C) cognitive
(D) non-selective
Answer C
Cognition is
"the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding
through thought, experience, and the senses
2. Telephone is an
example of
(A) linear
communication
(B) non-linear
communication
(C) circular
(D) mechanised
Answer A
3. Means of
grapevine communication are
(A) formal
(B) informal
(C) critical
(D) corporate
Answer B
4. Communication
issues at the international level are addressed by
(A) ILO
(B) ITU
(C) UNDP
(D) UNESCO
Answer D
In response to
calls for a "New World Information and Communication Order" in the
late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of
Communication Problems, which produced the 1980 MacBride report (named after
the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride). The
same year, UNESCO created the International Programme for the Development of
Communication (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media
development in developing countries. In 1991, UNESCO's General Conference
endorsed the Windhoek Declaration on media independence and pluralism, which
led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as
World Press Freedom Day. Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the UNESCO / Guillermo
Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May. In the lead up to the World Summit
on the Information Society in 2003 (Geneva) and 2005 (Tunis), UNESCO introduced
the Information for All Programme.
5. Referential
framing used by TV audience connects media with
(A) reality
(B) falsity
(C) negativity
(D) passivity
Answer A
Framing is visible in many media applications. Framing is referential only when it has reality such as in mass-media communication, a frame defines the packaging of an element of rhetoric in such a way as to encourage certain interpretations and to discourage others.
6. The
communicated knowledge in a classroom is considered as
(A) non-pervasive
treasure
(B) limited judgement
(C) autonomous
virtue
(D) cultural
capital
Answer D
December
2013
1. Users who use
media for their own ends are
identified as
(A) Passive audience
(B) Active audience
(C) Positive audience
(D) Negative audience
Answer B
2. Classroom communication can be described as
(A) Exploration
(B) Institutionalisation
(C) Unsignified narration
(D) Discourse
Answer D
Discourse denotes written and spoken communications: In semantics
and discourse analysis: Discourse is a conceptual generalization of
conversation within each modality and context of communication.
व्याख्यान लिखित और बोलने वाले संचार को दर्शाता है: शब्दार्थ और प्रवचन विश्लेषण में: वार्ता प्रत्येक साधन के भीतर वार्तालाप का एक संकल्पनात्मक सामान्यीकरण और संचार के संदर्भ में है।
3. Ideological codes shape our collective
(A) Productions
(B) Perceptions
(C) Consumptions
(D) Creations
Answer B
4. In communication myths have power but are
(A) uncultural
(B) insignificant
(C) imprecise
(D) unprefered
Answer C
5. The first multi-lingual news agency of India was
(A) Samachar
(B) API
(C) Hindustan Samachar
(D) Samachar Bharati
Answer C
Hindusthan Samachar was a multilingual news agency in India. It
was set up in 1948 by S. S. Apte, offering its services in 10 languages
6. Organisational communication can be equated with
(A) intra-personal communication
(B) inter personal communication
(C) group communication
(D) mass communication
Answer C
June 2014
1. Break-down in verbal communication is described as
(A) Short Circuit
(B) Contradiction
(C) Unevenness
(D) Entropy
Answer D
Entropy implies tendency towards degeneration of order existing
within systems (e.g., when the perspective of a communicative goal is lost,
verbal communication may easily lead to a breakdown
entropy refers to disorder or uncertainty, and the definition of entropy used in information theory is directly analogous to the definition used in statistical thermodynamics. The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
entropy refers to disorder or uncertainty, and the definition of entropy used in information theory is directly analogous to the definition used in statistical thermodynamics. The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
2. The Telephone Model of Communication was first developed in the
area of
(A) Technological theory
(B) Dispersion theory
(C) Minimal effects theory
(D) Information theory
Answer D
Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the human communication process. The first major model for communication was developed in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories.
Following the basic concept, communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one part (sender) to another (receiver)
The Shannon–Weaver model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technology. Their initial model consisted of four primary parts: sender, message, channel, and receiver.
3. The Dada Saheb Phalke Award for 2013 has been conferred on
(A) Karan Johar
(B) Amir Khan
(C) Asha Bhonsle
(D) Gulzar
Answer D
List of Dada Saheb
Phalke Award Winners
Year
|
Recipient
|
Film industry
|
2014 (62nd)
|
Shashi Kapoor
|
Hindi
|
2013 (61st)
|
Gulzar
|
Hindi
|
2012 (60th)
|
Pran
|
Hindi
|
2011 (59th)
|
Soumitra Chatterjee
|
Bengali
|
4. Photographs are not easy to
(A) Publish
(B) Secure
(C) Decode
(D) Change
Answer C
5. The grains that appear on a television set when operated are also
referred to as
(A) Sparks
(B) Green Dots
(C) Snow
(D) Rain Drops
Answer C
Grains appearing on TV sets are known as dots or snow and are
random pattern superimposed on the picture which are result of electronic noise
and radiated electromagnetic noise accidentally picked up by the antenna.
6. In circular communication, the encoder becomes a decoder when
there is
(A) Noise
(B) Audience
(C) Criticality
(D) Feedback
Answer D
December 2014
1. The mode of communication that involves a single source
transmitting information to a large number of receivers simultaneously, is
called
(A) Group Communication
(B) Mass Communication
(C) Intrapersonal Communication
(D) Interpersonal Communication
Answer B
2. A smart classroom is a teaching
space which has
(i) Smart portion with a touch panel control system.
(ii) PC/Laptop connection and DVD/VCR player.
(iii) Document camera and specialized software
(iv) Projector and screen
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(A) (i) and (ii) only
(B) (ii) and (iv) only
(C) (i), (ii) and (iii) only
(D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Answer D
3. The term “Yellow Journalism”
refers to
(A) Sensational news about terrorism and violence
(B) Sensationalism and exaggeration to attract readers / viewers.
(C) Sensational news about arts and culture.
(D) Sensational news prints in yellow paper.
Answer B Yellow Journalism Sensationalism and exaggeration to attract readers / viewers,
provides little or no legitimate news eye catching headlines to sell more
newspapers
4. In the classroom, the teacher
sends the message either as words or images. The students are really
(A) Encoders
(B) Decoders
(C) Agitators
(D) Propagators
Answer B
June 2015
1. Effectiveness of communication can be traced from which of the following
(a) Attitude surveys
(b) Performance records
(c) Students attendance
(d) Selection of communication channel
(A) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
(B) (a), (b) and (c)
(C) (b), (c) and (d)
(D) (a), (b) and (d)
Answer D
2.ASSERTION : Formal communication tends to be fast and flexible
REASON : Formal communication is a systematic and orderly flow of information
(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is correct but, (R) is false
(D) (A) is false but, (R) is correct
Answer D
3.Which of the following are the characteristic features of communication
1) Communication involves exchange of ideas, facts and opinions
2) Communication involves both information and understanding
3) Communication is a continuous process
4) Communication is a circular process
(A) (a), (b) and (c)
(B) (a), (b) and (d)
(C) (b), (c) and (d)
(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Answer D
4. The term 'grapevine' is also known as
(A) Downward communication
(B) Informal communication
(C) Upward communication
(D) Horizontal communication
Answer B
5. Which of the following is not a principle of effective communication
(A) Persuasive and convincing dialogue
(B) Participation of the audience
(C) One-way transfer of information
(D) Strategic use of grapevine
Answer C
6. In communication, the language is
(A) The verbal code
(B) Intrapersonal
(C) The symbolic code
(D) The non-verbal code
Answer A
(a) Attitude surveys
(b) Performance records
(c) Students attendance
(d) Selection of communication channel
(A) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
(B) (a), (b) and (c)
(C) (b), (c) and (d)
(D) (a), (b) and (d)
Answer D
REASON : Formal communication is a systematic and orderly flow of information
(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is correct but, (R) is false
(D) (A) is false but, (R) is correct
Answer D
1) Communication involves exchange of ideas, facts and opinions
2) Communication involves both information and understanding
3) Communication is a continuous process
4) Communication is a circular process
(A) (a), (b) and (c)
(B) (a), (b) and (d)
(C) (b), (c) and (d)
(D) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Answer D
(A) Downward communication
(B) Informal communication
(C) Upward communication
(D) Horizontal communication
Answer B
(A) Persuasive and convincing dialogue
(B) Participation of the audience
(C) One-way transfer of information
(D) Strategic use of grapevine
Answer C
(A) The verbal code
(B) Intrapersonal
(C) The symbolic code
(D) The non-verbal code
Answer A
December 2015
1. Using the central point of the classroom communication as the beginning of a dynamic pattern of ideas is referred to as:
(A) Systemisation
(B) Problem – orientation
(C) Idea protocol
(D) Mind mapping
Answer D
Mind mapping is one of the best ways to capture your thoughts and bring them to life in visual form.
A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those.
Mind maps can be drawn by hand, either as "rough notes" during a lecture, meeting or planning session, for example, or as higher quality pictures when more time is available. Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram. A similar concept in the 1970s was "idea sun bursting
A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those.
Mind maps can be drawn by hand, either as "rough notes" during a lecture, meeting or planning session, for example, or as higher quality pictures when more time is available. Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram. A similar concept in the 1970s was "idea sun bursting
2. Aspects of the voice, other than the speech are known as:
(A) Physical language
(B) Personal language
(C) Para language
(D) Delivery language
Answer C
3. Every type of communication is affected by its:
(A) Reception
(B) Transmission
(C) Non-regulation
(D) Context
Answer D
4. Attitudes, actions and appearances in the context of classroom communication are considered as:
(A) Verbal
(B) Non-verbal
(C) Impersonal
(D) Irrational
Answer B
5. Most often, the teacher - student communication is:
(A) Spurious
(B) Critical
(C) Utilitarian
(D) Confrontational
Answer C
6. In a classroom, a communicator’s trust level is determined by:
(A) the use of hyperbole
(B) the change of voice level
(C) the use of abstract concepts
(D) eye contact
Answer DJuly 2016
1. The choice of communication partners is influenced by factors of
(A) Proximity, utility, loneliness
(B) Utility, secrecy, dissonance
(C) Secrecy, dissonance, deception
(D) Dissimilarity, dissonance, deviance
Answer A
proximity: nearness in space, time, or relationship.
utility: the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial.
loneliness: the quality of being unfrequented
2. Every communicator has to experience
(A) Manipulated emotions
(B) Anticipatory excitement
(C) The issue of homophiles
(D) Status dislocation
Answer B
3. As a teacher, select the best option to ensure your effective presence in the classroom.
(A) Use of peer command
(B) Making aggressive statements
(C) Adoption of well-established posture
(D) Being authoritarian
Answer C
4. Imagine you are working in an educational institution where people are of equal status. Which method of communication is best suited and normally employed in such a context?
(A) Horizontal communication
(B) Vertical communication
(C) Corporate communication
(D) Cross communication
Answer A
5. Identify the important element a teacher has to take cognizance of while addressing students in a classroom.
(A) Avoidance of proximity
(B) Voice modulation
(C) Repetitive pause
(D) Fixed posture
Answer B cognizance: knowledge or awareness
6. What are the barriers to effective communication?
(A) Moralising, being judgemental and comments of consolation.
(B) Dialogue, summary and self-review.
(C) Use of simple words, cool reaction and defensive attitude.
(D) Personal statements, eye contact and simple narration.
Answer AAugust 2016
1. Internal and external factors that affect message reception by the students in the classroom are referred to as
(A) feedback
(B) fragmentation
(C) channelization
(D) noise
Answer D
2. A teacher in a classroom has immediate control over
(A) the self, selected methods of communication and the message.
(B) the audience, the noise and the reception.
(C) the feedback, the technology and the audience experience.
(D) the communication channel, other communicators, and external factors.
Answer A
3. What do communicated words carry in a classroom situation?
(A) Inspiration, controversy and introspection
(B) Diversion, criticism and irrationality
(C) Insipidity, irrationality, and non-acceptance
(D) Power, structure and tradition
Answer D
4. As a good classroom communicator, you are supposed to know your
(A) audience emotions
(B) silent cues
(C) artful pauses
(D) counter arguments
Answer C
5. Figure out the components of non-verbal communication in a classroom from the following :
(A) Facial expression, cultural space and seating arrangement
(B) Speed of utterance, feel good factor and acoustics
(C) High sound, physical ambience and teacher-learner distance
(D) Facial expression, kinesics and personal space
Answer D
6. Which of the following are the basic factors of effective listening?
(A) Opinionation, stare and glare and interruptions
(B) Aggressive questioning, continuous cues and frequent movement
(C) Me-too-ism, glancing sideways, and offering advice
(D) Acknowledgement of thoughts, reflection, and asking open-ended questions
Answer D
January 2017
1 The typical feature of an information- rich class room lecture is in the nature of being
A. Sedentary
B. Staggered
C. Factual
D. Sectoral
Answer C
2. Expressive communication is deriven by
A. Passive aggresstion
B. Encoder's personality characteristics
C. Encoder-Decoder contract
D. External clues
Answer C
3. Positive classroom communication leads to
A. Coercion
B. Submission
C. Confrontation
D. Persuasion
Answer D
4. Classroom communication is the basis of
A. Social identity
B. External inanities
C. Biased passivity
D. Group aggression
Answer A
5. Effective communication pre-supposes
A. Non alignment
B. Domination
C. Passivity
D. Understanding
1 The typical feature of an information- rich class room lecture is in the nature of being
A. Sedentary
B. Staggered
C. Factual
D. Sectoral
Answer C
2. Expressive communication is deriven by
A. Passive aggresstion
B. Encoder's personality characteristics
C. Encoder-Decoder contract
D. External clues
Answer C
3. Positive classroom communication leads to
A. Coercion
B. Submission
C. Confrontation
D. Persuasion
Answer D
4. Classroom communication is the basis of
A. Social identity
B. External inanities
C. Biased passivity
D. Group aggression
Answer A
5. Effective communication pre-supposes
A. Non alignment
B. Domination
C. Passivity
D. Understanding
Answer D
Nov 2017
1 The interaction between a teacher and students creates a zone of proximal :
(1) Difference
(2) Confusion
(3) Development
(4) Distortion
Answer 3
2. The spatial audio reproduction in a classroom can reduce the students’ :
(1) Cognitive load in understanding
(2) Respect for the teacher
(3) Motivation for excellence
(4) Interest in technology - orientation
Answer 1
3. The classroom communication should essentially be :
(1) Contrived
(2) Empathetic
(3) Abstract
(4) Non-descriptive
Answer 2
4. A good communicator begins his/her presentation with a :
(1) Complex question
(2) Non-sequitur
(3) Repetitive phrase
(4) Ice-breaker
Answer 4
5. In a classroom, the probability of message reception can be enhanced by :
(1) Establishing a viewpoint
(2) Exposing the ignorance of students
(3) Increasing the information load
(4) Using high decibel audio tools
Nov 2017
1 The interaction between a teacher and students creates a zone of proximal :
(1) Difference
(2) Confusion
(3) Development
(4) Distortion
Answer 3
2. The spatial audio reproduction in a classroom can reduce the students’ :
(1) Cognitive load in understanding
(2) Respect for the teacher
(3) Motivation for excellence
(4) Interest in technology - orientation
Answer 1
3. The classroom communication should essentially be :
(1) Contrived
(2) Empathetic
(3) Abstract
(4) Non-descriptive
Answer 2
4. A good communicator begins his/her presentation with a :
(1) Complex question
(2) Non-sequitur
(3) Repetitive phrase
(4) Ice-breaker
Answer 4
5. In a classroom, the probability of message reception can be enhanced by :
(1) Establishing a viewpoint
(2) Exposing the ignorance of students
(3) Increasing the information load
(4) Using high decibel audio tools
Answer 1
For Practice watch videos: CBSE UGC NET in Hindi: https://goo.gl/1NvyMk
Teaching Aptitude: https://goo.gl/UF2ojY
Research Aptitude: https://goo.gl/TgyqyK
ICT- Computer Aptitude :https://goo.gl/7smZNu
Higher Education: https://goo.gl/3dSkPn
If any one wants to get PDFs by Navclasses then click here: https://www.facebook.com/groups/navclasses/files/
Teaching Aptitude: https://goo.gl/UF2ojY
Research Aptitude: https://goo.gl/TgyqyK
ICT- Computer Aptitude :https://goo.gl/7smZNu
Higher Education: https://goo.gl/3dSkPn
If any one wants to get PDFs by Navclasses then click here: https://www.facebook.com/groups/navclasses/files/
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