Research aptitude full notes

1. What is research

To search for facts in any branch of knowledge

-         An attitude of inquiry.

-         An attempt to elicit facts

-         A systematic and scholarly application of the scientific method

-         A state of mind
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The purpose of research:

To discover answers to questions through application of scientific procedures

2. Characteristics of Research

1. It is a scientific investigation. Research (research) means to "search again". It connotes patient study and scientific investigation.
2. It develops concepts and the theories. One reason for conducting research is to develop and evaluate concepts and the theories.
3. It expands the limits of knowledge. The basic or pure research attempts to expand the limits of knowledge. It is conducted to verify the acceptability of a given theory or to know more about a certain concept.
4. It cannot be implemented immediately. It does not directly involve the solution to a particular problem; its findings generally cannot be implemented immediately.
5.  It is an essential tool for good decision making. The task of educational research is to make the information used in decision making more accurate.
6. Educational research is a managerial tool that provides information essential for good decision making. Research in teaching, training, organizing, or management areas of an institution are within the scope of training research.
7. Educational research reduces the risk of making wrong decisions. It is an aid to management judgment, not a substitute for it.  

3. Aims and Objectives of Research

Its main aim is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, research objectives may fall  into a number of following broad groupings: ·

1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. (Exploratory or formulating research studies)
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. (Descriptive research studies)
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. (Diagnostic research studies)
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (hypothesis-testing research studies)

Why you decided to do research???

Possible motives or desires:

Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits

To face challenge in solving unsolved problems

To get intellectual joy of doing some creative work

To act as service to society

To get respectability

Tip to remember forever:

Treat your Research as your own child and nurture it

4. Types of Research

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i. Classification - I General Classification

a) Fundamental Research/Pure Research/Basic Research:

• It is undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any intention to apply it in practice.
• This research helps in developing theories by discovering broad generalization and principles.
• It is organized through different procedures of research like sampling, hypothesizing facts, etc. It can experiment in a psychological laboratory.
• Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics, research studies concerning human behavior carried on with a view to making generalizations about human behavior are examples of fundamental research.
• Used when developing theories, generalizations, and principles
  - Methods: Sampling, Hypothesizing, and laboratories

 b) Applied Research

• Utilizes principles made by fundamental research to know the problems with best possible manner
  - Undertaken to solve an immediate problem
• Aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organization.
• Solve the practical problem of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge sake.
• Marketing research is an example of applied research.

 c) Action Research

• Its aim is an immediate application but not any development of theory.
• It is research either initiated to solve the immediate problem or if the researcher finds any problem during the course of his field investigation and observation he applies it.

d) Exploratory Research

• It is a preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem about which researcher has little or no knowledge.
• The objective of exploratory research is the development of hypothesis rather than their testing.

(e) Descriptive study

• Includes surveys and fact findings inquiries of different kinds.
• The major purpose of descriptive research is a description of the state of affairs, as it exists at present.
• In social science and business research, the term often used is ex-post fact research.
• The researcher has no control over the variables, he can only report what has happened or what is happening.

(f) Evaluation Study

• It is a type of applied research.
• It is made for assessing and taking stock of effectiveness of social or economic programs.
• For example Family planning scheme, Irrigation project.

(g) Diagnostic Study

• Similar to descriptive study but with a different focus, which is directed towards discovering what is happening? Why is it happening and what can be done about it?
• It aims at identifying the causes of problems and possible solutions for it.

ii. Classification - II-  Comparative classification

Descriptive	Analytical
Description of the state of affairs as it exists	Has to use facts that are readily available
Also known as  Ex post facto research	Facts analyzed to make a critical evaluation
Researcher has no control over the variables
Used to discover causes when variables cannot be controlled
Fact finding inquiries and field surveys
Method of research: Survey

Applied	Fundamental
Find solution for immediate problem	Generalizations and formulation of a theory
Research is aimed at a solution	Concerns natural phenomenon or math
Solution to some pressing practical problem	Finding information that has a broad base of application
	Adds to the existing body of scientific knowledge

Quantitative	Qualititative
Phenomena that can be quantified	Used in behavioural sciences
	Used when studying human behavior
	Projective techniques used
	Phenomena involves quality or kind

Conceptual	Empirical
Based on some ideas on theory	Relies on experience or observation
Used by philosophers and thinkers	Data-based research
	Experimental research

Sr. No.	Pure Research	Applied Research
1.	Studies a problem usually from the focus of one discipline.	Several disciplines collaborate for solving the problem.
2.	Aims to illuminate the theory by enriching the basic of a discipline.	Aims to solve a problem by enriching the field of application of a discipline.
3.	Seeks generalizations	Often studies individual cases without the objective to generalize
4.	Studies why things happen	Studies how things can be changed
5.	Reports is in technical language	Report is in common language

One time research: Confined to a single time period

Longitudinal research: Research carried over several time periods

Field Setting Research or Laboratory Research: Depending on the environment

Clinical or Diagnostic Research: Goes deep into the causes of events or things

Exploratory or Formalized: Development of hypothesis/ Testing hypothesis

Historical: Uses historical resources to study events or ideas of the past

Problem-oriented research: To look for solutions to the problem

Decision-oriented: Done for the need of the decision maker.

Operational: Example of decision-making research. Provides a quantitative basis for taking up a decision

5. Research requirements

i. Planning

- Definition and Classification or purpose and scope of operations

- Analysis to determine the meaning of facts

- Planning helps in bringing a good result in the conclusion

ii. Guidance

-          Helps researcher concentrate on problems

-          Concerned with the selection of problems

iii. Experts

-          Knowledge in the area being studied

-          Must be able to guide properly and formulate a well-planned project for research

iv. Training

-          They know how to plan, organize and maximize educational output

v. Finance

  - Problems taken for study require financial help from the state

vi. References

-          Well planned project

-          Preliminary work done helps while investigating the problem

vii. Library

-    Provides materials through books which enhance the quality and quantity of the research

viii. Research Journals

-          Provides studies and research done nationally and internationally

. Steps of Research

11  Formulating the research problem

-Maybe related to states of nature or relationships between variables

 A researcher must single out problem to study and must decide the aura of interest

-Feasibility of a particular solution has to be considered before working on the problem

-Two steps in formulating a research problem: Understanding the problem thoroughly and Rephrasing the same into meaningful terms

-Discuss the problem with experts

 Examine available literature both conceptual and empirical

-Reevaluate the problem and focus on its specifics

-Make sure the problem can be defined unambiguously

-State the objective

-Pertinent terms in relation to the problem must be defined

2. Extensive Literature Survey

-          Brief summary of the problem after the problem is formulated

-          Write a synopsis of the topic and submit it to the committee or research board

-          Literature survey by abstracting journals and reading up bibliography

3. Development of working Hypothesis

-          It’s made so as to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences

-          Discuss with work colleagues and experts about the problem

-           Examine past data and records

-          Review similar studies in that area

-      Personally, investigate the problem with interested parties
The following are the functions of a hypothesis:

1. The hypothesis guides the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track.
2. It sharpens his thinking and focuses attention on the more important facets of the problem.
3. It also indicates the type of data required and the type of methods of data analysis to be used.

4. Preparing the research design

- Means of obtaining the information

- Ability and skill of the researcher and staff

- Explaining the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be organized and the reasoning leading to selection

- Time available for research

- Cost factor relating to research

The following are the main types of research designs:

1. Exploratory. A flexible research design which provides an opportunity for considering many different aspects of a problem is considered appropriate if the purpose of the
   research study.
2. Descriptive. An accurate description of a situation or of an association between variables, the suitable design will be one that minimizes bias and maximizes the reliability of the data collected and analyzed.
3. Diagnostic. An attempt to detect and discover nuances of a problem by way of series of clinical, laboratory and field tests and trials which aim to shed more light on the nature of a given problem.
4. Experimental. A series of tests and trials is performed on a set of given variables which are either controlled or experimental in order to determine a better solution or outlook based on the results obtained.

5. Determining Sample Design

- the items selected constitute what is called a sample

- Sample design is a plan determined before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population

- Samples can either be:

Probability Sample - Each has an element of being included in the sample and are based on Random, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster/Area Sampling. 

Non-Probability Sample - Based on Consciences Sampling, Judgement Sampling and Quota Sampling

- Some of the important sample designs are:

(i) Deliberate Sampling

• Purposive or deliberate selection of particular units of the universe for constituting a sample that represents the universe.
• When population elements are selected based on access it's known as convenience sampling 
• Judgment sampling is when a researcher's judgment is used to select items he considers to be representative of the population

(ii) Simple Random Sampling 

• Each and every item in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample and each one has the probability of being selected. 

(iii) Systematic Sampling

• An element of randomness is usually introduced into this kind of sampling by using random numbers to pick up the unit with which to start. 
• Useful when sample frame is in form of a list 
• Selection process starts by picking some random point on the list and then every nth element is selected until the desired number is secured

(iv) Stratified Sampling 

• If the population from which a sample is to be drawn doesn't constitute a homogeneous group, then stratified sampling technique is applied so as to obtain a representative sample
• The population is stratified into a number of non-overlapping subpopulations or strata and sample items are selected from each stratum. 
• If the items selected from each stratum is based on simple random sampling, the entire procedure, first stratification and then simple random sampling is known as stratified random sampling. 

(v) Quota Sampling

• When interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from different strata, the actual selection of the items for sample being left to the interviewer's judgment 
• Size of quota is proportionate to size of stratum in the population
• A form of non-probability sampling. 

(vi) Cluster sampling

• Grouping of population and then selecting the groups or the groups or the clusters rather than individual elements for inclusion in the sample
• Sample size must often be larger than the simple random sample to ensure the same level of accuracy as in cluster sampling there is a chance of various biases and error
• However, this procedure is relatively easier than others and can be used in the case of personal interviews

(vii) Area Sampling

• Area is divided into smaller non-overlapping areas = geographical clusters and a number of these smaller areas are randomly selected
• Field interviewing is made more efficient through this technique and when there's no list of the population

(viii) Multi-stage Sampling

• Meant for large geographical areas like an entire country

(ix) Sequential Sampling

• Ultimate size of the sample is determined as the survey progresses

6. Collecting the data

• Various ways - experiment or survey
• Survey methods include - observation, personal interviews, telephone interviews, mailing of questionnaires, schedules

7. Execution of the project

• It's necessary to collect adequate and dependable data in a systematic manner and in time
• Careful watch on uncontrollable factors
• Survey must be under statistical control
• Must deal with non-respondents
• 
  

8. Analysis of Data

• Categorize raw data
• Coding to transform categorized data to symbols - editing can also be done at this stage
• Tabulation is done to put classified data in form of tables
• Statistical inferences are drawn with the assistance of computers

9. Hypothesis testing

• Chi-square, t-test, f-test
• Either accepts the hypothesis or rejects it

10. Generalization and Interpretation

• If hypothesis is tested and upheld its easy to build a theory 
• Triggers new questions in the hypothesis

11. Preparation of the report/ thesis

• Introduction
• Summary
• Main Report 
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

Finally, the researcher has to prepare the report of what has been researched. Writing of report must be done with great care keeping in view the following parts:

1. Preliminaries. This part contains the introductory/formality part. This contains the:
   1. Title page
   2. Endorsement page
   3. Acceptance page
   4. Acknowledgment
   5. Dedication
   6. Table of Contents
   7. Abstract
2. Content. This part contains the main part of the research study. This contains the:
   
   1. Chapter 1. The Problem and its Background
   2. Chapter 2. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
   3. Chapter 3. Operational Framework
   4. Chapter 4. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
   5. Chapter 5. Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
3. End matters. This part presents the mandatory references and attachments such as:
   
1. Bibliography
2. Appendices
3. Attachment

7. Methods of Research
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• Provide new and useful information in an orderly and precise manner.

A. Experimental Method

• Matter of logic not location
• Special laboratories to control conditions
• Labs are generally located in universities or a research institute 

1. Laboratory

• Control conditions and take measurements of variables in an orderly manner

     2.  Variables

• Independent Variable - Independent of what subject does
• Dependent Variables - Variable affected by changes (measure of subject behavior)

      3. Degree of Control

• Use of precision instruments to control unseen variables

     4. Value of an experiment

B. Observational Method

• Observation in natural environment

C. Survey Method - Field Studies

• Either through the use of questionnaires or interviews

D. Case Studies

• Scientific Biographies
• Reconstruction of a person's life events
• Used in Longitudinal studies

E. Test Method

•  Measures all kinds of abilities, interests, attitudes, and accomplishments
• Subjects are presented with a uniform situation to a group of people who vary in aspects relevant to the situation

MCQs on Research Aptitude

1.The main purpose of research in education is to _________

a) Help in the personal growth of an individual

b) Help the candidate become an eminent educationist

c) Increase job prospects of an individual

d) Increase social status of an individual 

2.Sampling is advantageous as it ________

a) Helps in capital-saving

b) Saves time

c) Increases accuracy

d) Both (a) and (b)

3.Tippit table refers to ____________

a) Table of random digits

b) Table used in sampling methods

c) Table used in statistical investigations

d) All the above

4._________ is a preferred sampling method for the population with finite size.

a) Area sampling

b) Cluster sampling

c) Purposive sampling

d) Systematic sampling

5._______ refers to inferring about the whole population based on the observations made on a small part.

a) Deductive inference

b) Inductive inference

c) Pseudo-inference

d) Objective inference

6.Random sampling is helpful as it is __________.

a) An economical method of data collection

b) Free from personal biases

c) Reasonably accurate 

d) All the above

7.The data of research is ______

a) Qualitative only

b) Quantitative only

c) Both (a) and (b)

d) Neither (a) nor (b)

8.The longitudinal approach of research deals with _________.

a) Horizontal researches

b) Long-term researches

c) Short-term researches

d) None of the above

9.A researcher divides the populations into PG, graduates and 10 + 2 students and using the random digit table he selects some of them from each. This is technically called 

A.	stratified sampling
B.	stratified random sampling
C.	representative sampling
D.	none of these 10.A researcher divides his population into certain groups and fixes the size of the sample from each group. It is called A. stratified sample B. quota sample C. cluster sample D. all of the above 11.Field study is related to A real life situations B experimental situations C laboratory situations D none of the above 12. Attributes of objects, events or things which can be measured are called A qualitative measure B data C variables D none of the above

1- B, 2- D, 3- D This table was first published by L.H.C Tippett in 1927.

4- D, 5-B, 6-D, 7- C Qualitative data deals with descriptive data and quantitative data deals with numbers.

8- B, 9-B Division of population on the basis of class, income, education level etc is called stratification and every member of each stratum has equal chance of being selected by the researcher. In this way characteristics of various strata are identified and studied.

10- B, 11- A, 12- C

Next Topic:

Research Ethics 

Test by Nav Classes there are 40 questions & you have 20 minutes to answer

1 Which of the following options are the main tasks of research in modern society?

(I) to keep pace with the advancement in knowledge.

(II) to discover new things.

(III) to write a critique on the earlier writings.

(IV) to systematically examine and critically analyse the investigations/sources with objectivity.

निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा विकल्प आधुनिक समाज में अनुसंधान के मुख्य कार्य हैं?
(I) ज्ञान में प्रगति के साथ तालमेल रखने के लिए
(II) नई चीजों को खोजने के लिए
(III) पहले के लेखन पर एक आलोचना लिखने के लिए।
(चतुर्थ) निष्पक्षता के साथ जांच / स्रोतों को व्यवस्थित रूप से जांचने और गंभीर रूप से विश्लेषण करने के लिए।

(A) IV, II and I

(B) I, II and III

(C) I and III

(D) II, III and IV   June 2006

Answer: (A)

2 The depth of any research can be judged by:

(A) title of the research.

(B) objectives of the research.

(C) total expenditure on the research.

(D) duration of the research.  June 2006

किसी भी शोध की गहराई से निर्णय लिया जा सकता है: (ए) अनुसंधान का शीर्षक (बी) अनुसंधान के उद्देश्यों (सी) अनुसंधान पर कुल व्यय (डी) अनुसंधान की अवधि

Answer: (B)

3 Research can be classified as:

(A) Basic, Applied and Action Research

(B) Quantitative and Qualitative Research

(C) Philosophical, Historical, Survey and Experimental Research

(D) All the above   Dec 2006

अनुसंधान को निम्नानुसार वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है: (ए) बेसिक, एप्लाइड और एक्शन रिसर्च (बी) मात्रात्मक और गुणात्मक अनुसंधान (सी) दार्शनिक, ऐतिहासिक, सर्वेक्षण और प्रायोगिक अनुसंधान (डी) सभी उपरोक्त

Answer: (D)

4. The first step of research is:

(A) Selecting a problem

(B) Searching a problem

(C) Finding a problem

(D) Identifying a problem    Dec 2006

अनुसंधान का पहला चरण है: (ए) एक समस्या का चयन (बी) एक समस्या की खोज (सी) एक समस्या ढूँढना (डी) एक समस्या की पहचान

Answer: (D)

5 Fundamental research reflects the ability to:

(A) Synthesize new ideals

(B) Expound new principles

(C) Evaluate the existing material concerning research

(D) Study the existing literature regarding various topics    June 2007

मौलिक अनुसंधान करने की क्षमता को दर्शाता है: (ए) नए आदर्शों को संश्लेषित करें (बी) नए सिद्धांतों का विस्तार करें (सी) अनुसंधान से संबंधित मौजूदा सामग्री का मूल्यांकन करें (डी) विभिन्न विषयों के बारे में मौजूदा साहित्य का अध्ययन करें

Answer: (B)

6 The study in which the investigators attempt to trace an effect is known as:

(A) Survey Research

(B) 'Ex-post Facto' Research

(C) Historical Research

(D) Summative Research   June 2007

जिस अध्ययन में जांचकर्ता एक प्रभाव का पता लगाने का प्रयास करते हैं उसे इस प्रकार से जाना जाता है: (ए) सर्वेक्षण अनुसंधान (बी) 'एक्स-पोस्ट फैक्टो' रिसर्च (सी) ऐतिहासिक अनुसंधान (डी) समरेटिव रिसर्च

Answer: (B)

7. The experimental study is based on:

(A) The manipulation of variables

(B) Conceptual parameters

(C) Replication of research

(D) Survey of literature   Dec 2007

प्रायोगिक अध्ययन पर आधारित है: (ए) चर का हेरफेर (बी) संकल्पनात्मक पैरामीटर (सी) अनुसंधान की प्रतिकृति (डी) साहित्य का सर्वेक्षण

Answer: (A)

8. The main characteristic of scientific research is:

(A) empirical

(B) theoretical

(C) experimental

(D) all of the above   Dec 2007

वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान का मुख्य लक्षण यह है: (ए) अनुभवजन्य (बी) सैद्धांतिक (सी) प्रयोगात्मक (D। उपरोक्त सभी

Answer: (D)

9. Authenticity of a research finding is its:

(A) Originality

(B) Validity

(C) Objectivity

(D) All of the above   Dec 2007

एक अनुसंधान खोज की प्रामाणिकता इसकी है: (ए) मौलिकता (बी) वैधता (सी) उद्देश्य (D। उपरोक्त सभी

Answer: (D)

10. Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite?

(A) Area Sampling Technique

(B) Purposive Sampling Technique

(C) Systematic Sampling Technique

(D) None of the above   Dec 2007

आम तौर पर कौन सी तकनीक का पालन किया जाता है जब जनसंख्या सीमित होती है? (ए) क्षेत्र नमूनाकरण तकनीक (बी) पारस्परिक नमूनाकरण तकनीक (सी) व्यवस्थित नमूनाकरण तकनीक (डी) उपरोक्त में से कोई भी नहीं

Three Probability Sampling Techniques

When each entity of the population has a definite, non-zero probability of being incorporated into the sample, the sample is known as a probability sample. Probability samples are selected in such a way as to be representative of the population. They provide the most valid or credible results because they reflect the characteristics of the population from which they are selected.

Probability sampling techniques include random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling.

It is saying that population is finite but it can be finite n large no. Of population so we can easily go for systematic sampling with no cons  but if population size is small n finite then it may create some disadvantages to use systematic

Answer: (C) 

11  Generalised conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as:

(A) Data analysis and interpretation

(B) Parameter inference

(C) Statistical inference

(D) All of the above  Dec 2007

एक नमूने के आधार पर सामान्य निष्कर्ष तकनीकी रूप से जाना जाता है: (ए) डेटा विश्लेषण और व्याख्या (बी) पैरामीटर अनुमान (सी) सांख्यिकीय निष्कर्ष (D। उपरोक्त सभी

Answer: (C)

12 The process not needed in experimental research is:

(A) Observation

(B) Manipulation and replication

(C) Controlling

(D) Reference collection  Dec 2009

प्रयोगात्मक अनुसंधान में प्रक्रिया की आवश्यकता नहीं है:
(ए) अवलोकन
(बी) हेरफेर और प्रतिकृति
(सी) नियंत्रण
(डी) संदर्भ संग्रह

Answer:  None of above because: experimental research uses all of above another question can be :-

The experimental study is based on :
(A)    The manipulation of variables       (B)     Conceptual parameters
(C)    Replication of research                (D)    Survey of literature
Answer: (A) 
The experimental method
is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.

Experimental research is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc.

It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable Experimental Research is often used where:

There is time priority in a causal relationship (cause precedes effect)

1. There is consistency in a causal relationship (a cause will always lead to the same effect)
2. The magnitude of the correlation is great.

The word experimental research has a range of definitions. In the strict sense, experimental research is what we call a true experiment.

This is an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables. It has a control group, the subjects have been randomly assigned between the groups, and the researcher only tests one effect at a time. It is also important to know what variable(s) you want to test and measure.

A very wide definition of experimental research, or a quasi experiment, is research where the scientist actively influences something to observe the consequences. Most experiments tend to fall in between the strict and the wide definition.

A rule of thumb is that physical sciences, such as physics, chemistry and geology tend to define experiments more narrowly than social sciences, such as sociology and psychology, which conduct experiments closer to the wider definition.

Aims of Experimental Research

Experiments are conducted to be able to predict phenomenons. Typically, an experiment is constructed to be able to explain some kind of causation. Experimental research is important to society - it helps us to improve our everyday lives.

13 A research problem is not feasible only when:

(A) it is researchable

(B) it is new and adds something to knowledge

(C) it consists of independent and dependent variables

(D) it has utility and relevance   Dec 2008

एक शोध समस्या केवल तभी संभव नहीं है जब: (ए) यह शोध योग्य है (बी) यह नया है और ज्ञान के लिए कुछ जोड़ता है (सी) इसमें स्वतंत्र और निर्भर चर शामिल हैं (डी) इसमें उपयोगिता और प्रासंगिकता है

Answer: (C)

14 Which of the following is classified in the category of the developmental research?

(A) Philosophical research

(B) Action research

(C) Descriptive research

(D) All the above  June 2009

निम्नलिखित में से कौन से विकास अनुसंधान की श्रेणी में वर्गीकृत किया गया है?
(ए) दार्शनिक अनुसंधान
(बी) एक्शन रिसर्च
(सी) वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधान
(डी) सभी उपरोक्त

Answer: (D)

15. We use Factorial Analysis:

(A) To know the relationship between two variables

(B) To test the Hypothesis

(C) To know the difference between two variables

(D) To know the difference among the many variables   June 2009

हम फैक्टोरियल विश्लेषण का उपयोग करते हैं: (ए) दो चर के बीच संबंध जानने के लिए (बी) हाइपोथीसिस का परीक्षण करने के लिए (सी) दो चर के बीच अंतर जानने के लिए (डी) कई चर में अंतर जानने के लिए
 Factor analysis is related to principal component analysis (PCA), but the two are not identical.
Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors.
The key concept of factor analysis is that multiple observed variables have similar patterns of responses because they are all associated with a latent (i.e. not directly measured) variable. their association with an underlying latent variable, the factor, which cannot easily be measured.

Answer: (C)

16 The research which is exploring new facts through the study of the past is called

(A) Philosophical research

(B) Historical research

(C) Mythological research

(D) Content analysis    Dec 2009

अनुसंधान जो अतीत के अध्ययन के माध्यम से नए तथ्यों की खोज कर रहा है, उन्हें कहा जाता है (ए) दार्शनिक अनुसंधान (बी) ऐतिहासिक अनुसंधान (सी) पौराणिक अनुसंधान (डी) सामग्री विश्लेषण

Answer: (B)

17. Which correlation co-efficient best explains the relationship between creativity and intelligence?
रचनात्मकता और बुद्धिमत्ता के बीच के रिश्ते को कौन-सा सहसंबंध सबसे अच्छा बताता है?

(A) 1.00

(B) 0.6

(C) 0.5

(D) 0.3   Dec 2009

Answer: (A)  The weakest linear relationship is indicated by a correlation coefficient equal to 0. A positive correlation means that if one variable gets bigger, the other variable tends to get bigger. A negative correlation means that if one variable gets bigger, the other variable tends to get smaller.

18 Research is

(A) Searching again and again

(B) Finding solution to any problem

(C) Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem

(D) None of the above   June 2010

अनुसंधान है (ए) बार-बार खोजना (बी) किसी भी समस्या का समाधान ढूँढना (सी) किसी भी समस्या की सच्चाई के लिए वैज्ञानिक तरीके से काम करना (डी) उपरोक्त में से कोई भी नहीं

Answer: (C)

19 A common test in research demands much priority on

(A) Reliability

(B) Useability

(C) Objectivity

(D) All of the above    June 2010

अनुसंधान में एक आम परीक्षा के लिए बहुत प्राथमिकता की मांग है
(ए) विश्वसनीयता
(बी) उपयोगिता
(सी) उद्देश्य
(D। उपरोक्त सभी

Answer: (D)

20 Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?

(A) Searching sources of information to locate problem.

(B) Survey of related literature

(C) Identification of problem

(D) Searching for solutions to the problem      June 2010

निम्न में से कौन सा शोध प्रक्रिया शुरू करने में पहला कदम है? (ए) समस्या का पता लगाने के लिए जानकारी के सूत्रों का पता लगाने (बी) संबंधित साहित्य का सर्वेक्षण (सी) समस्या की पहचान (डी) इस समस्या को हल करने के लिए समस्या

Answer: (C)

21. If  a  researcher  conducts  a  research on finding  out  which  administrative style contributes  more  to institutional effectiveness ? This will be an example of

(A) Basic Research

(B) Action Research

(C) Applied Research

(D) None of the above   June 2010

यदि कोई शोधकर्ता यह पता लगाता है कि किस प्रशासनिक शैली में संस्थागत प्रभावशीलता का अधिक योगदान है? यह का एक उदाहरण होगा (ए) बेसिक रिसर्च (बी) एक्शन रिसर्च (सी) एप्लाइड रिसर्च (डी) उपरोक्त में से कोई भी नहीं

Answer: (C)

22 Which of the following phrases is not relevant to describe the meaning of research as a process?

(A) Systematic Activity

(B) Objective Observation

(C) Trial and Error

(D) Problem Solving   Dec 2010

निम्नलिखित वाक्यांशों में से कौन सी प्रक्रिया के रूप में अनुसंधान के अर्थ का वर्णन करने के लिए प्रासंगिक नहीं है? (ए) व्यवस्थित गतिविधि (बी) उद्देश्य अवलोकन (सी) परीक्षण और त्रुटि (डी) समस्या सुलझाना

Answer: (B)

23 Which of the following is not an example of a continuous variable?

(A) Family size

(B) Intelligence

(C) Height

(D) Attitude   Dec 2010

निम्नलिखित में से कौन सी निरंतर चर का उदाहरण नहीं है? (ए) परिवार का आकार (बी) इंटेलिजेंस (सी) ऊँचाई (डी) रवैया

Continuous variables can have an infinite number of different values between two given points. Discrete variables can have only a certain number of different values between two given points. For example, in a family, there can be one, two, or three children, but there cannot be a continuous scale of 1.1, 1.5, or 1.75 children. A variable such as a person's height can take on any value in a range.

Answer: (A)

24 Which of the following variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms?

(A) Socio-economic Status

(B) Marital Status

(C) Numerical Aptitude

(D) Professional Attitude     Dec 2010

निम्न में से कौन सा चर मात्रात्मक शब्दों में व्यक्त नहीं किया जा सकता है?
(ए) सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थिति
(बी) वैवाहिक स्थिति
(सी) न्यूमेरिकल एप्टीट्यूड
(डी) व्यावसायिक दृष्टिकोण

Answer: (D)

25 A doctor studies the relative effectiveness of two drugs of dengue fever. His research would be classified as

(A) Descriptive Survey

(B) Experimental Research

(C) Case Study

(D) Ethnography    Dec 2010

एक डॉक्टर डेंगू बुखार की दो दवाओं के सापेक्ष प्रभावशीलता का अध्ययन करता है। उनके शोध को वर्गीकृत किया जाएगा
(ए) वर्णनात्मक सर्वेक्षण
(बी) प्रायोगिक अनुसंधान
(सी) केस स्टडी
(डी) नृवंशविज्ञान

Answer: (B)

26 The term ‘phenomenology घटना’ is associated with the process of

(A) Qualitative Research

(B) Analysis of Variance

(C) Correlational Study

(D) Probability Sampling    Dec 2010

शब्द 'phenomenology' की प्रक्रिया के साथ जुड़ा हुआ है
(ए) गुणात्मक अनुसंधान
(बी) विचरण का विश्लेषण
(सी) कोरेलैनलल स्टडी
(डी) संभाव्यता नमूनाकरण

Answer: (A)

27 A research paper is a brief report of research work based on

 (A) Primary Data only

 (B) Secondary Data only

 (C) Both Primary and Secondary Data

 (D) None of the above     June 2011

एक शोध पत्र आधारित शोध कार्य की एक संक्षिप्त रिपोर्ट है  (ए) प्राथमिक डेटा केवल  (बी) माध्यमिक डेटा केवल  (सी) दोनों प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक डेटा  (डी) उपरोक्त में से कोई भी नहीं

Answer: (C)

28. Newton gave three basic laws of motion. This research is categorized as 

 (A) Descriptive Research

 (B) Sample Survey

 (C) Fundamental Research

 (D) Applied Research    June 2011

न्यूटन ने गति के तीन बुनियादी कानून दिए इस शोध को इस प्रकार वर्गीकृत किया गया है
 (ए) वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधान
 (बी) नमूना सर्वेक्षण
 (सी) मौलिक अनुसंधान
 (डी) एप्लाइड रिसर्च

Answer: (C)

29. Field-work based research is classified as:

(A) Empirical

(B) Historical

(C) Experimental

(D) Biographical   June 2008

फील्ड-काम आधारित शोध को निम्नानुसार वर्गीकृत किया गया है:
(ए) अनुभवजन्य
(बी) ऐतिहासिक
(सी) प्रायोगिक
(डी) जीवनी

Answer: (A)

30. Which of the following sampling method is appropriate to study the prevalence of AIDS amongst male and female in India in 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2006?

(A) Cluster sampling

(B) Systematic sampling

(C) Quota sampling

(D) Stratified random sampling   June 2008

1 9 76, 1 9 86, 1 99 6 और 2006 में भारत में पुरुष और महिला के बीच एड्स के प्रसार का अध्ययन करने के लिए निम्न नमूना पद्धति में से कौन सा उपयुक्त है? (ए) क्लस्टर नमूना (बी) व्यवस्थित नमूना (सी) कोटा सैंपलिंग (डी) स्तरीकृत यादृच्छिक नमूना

Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in which sample members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point and a fixed periodic interval. This interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.

 Stratified random sampling  is used when the researcher wants to examine subgroups within a population. Researchers also use this technique when they want to observe relationships between two or more subgroups, or when they want to examine the rare extremes of a population.

Answer: (B)  

31 The research is always -

(A) verifying the old knowledge

(B) exploring new knowledge

(C) filling the gap between knowledge

(D) all of these     Dec 2008

अनुसंधान हमेशा होता है - (ए) पुराने ज्ञान की पुष्टि करना (बी) नए ज्ञान की खोज (सी) ज्ञान के बीच अंतर को भरना (डी) इनमें से सभी

Answer: (D)

32 The research that applies the laws at the time of field study to draw more and more clear ideas about the problem is:

(A) Applied research

(B) Action research

(C) Experimental research

(D) None of these     Dec 2008

अनुसंधान जो समस्या के बारे में और अधिक स्पष्ट विचारों को आकर्षित करने के लिए क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन के समय कानून लागू करता है: (ए) एप्लाइड रिसर्च (बी) एक्शन रिसर्च (सी) प्रायोगिक अनुसंधान (डी) इनमें से कोई नहीं

Answer: (C)

33. Arrange the following steps of research in correct sequence :

1. Identification of research problem

2. Listing of research objectives

3. Collection of data

4. Methodology

5. Data analysis

6. Results and discussion

(A) 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6

(B) 1 – 2 – 4 – 3 – 5 – 6

(C) 2 – 1 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6

(D) 2 – 1 – 4 – 3 – 5 – 6     Dec 2012

सही अनुक्रम में अनुसंधान के निम्नलिखित चरणों को व्यवस्थित करें: 1. अनुसंधान समस्या की पहचान 2. शोध उद्देश्यों की सूची 3. डेटा का संग्रह 4. क्रियाविधि 5. डेटा विश्लेषण 6. परिणाम और चर्चा

Answer: (B)

34. Identify the incorrect statement:

(A) A hypothesis is made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigations.

(B) A hypothesis is a basis for reasoning without any assumption of its truth.

(C) Hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

(D) Scientific hypothesis is a scientific theory.     Dec 2012

गलत वक्तव्य की पहचान करें: (ए) एक परिकल्पना सीमित जांच के आधार पर आगे की जांच के लिए प्रारंभिक बिंदु के रूप में बनाई गई है। (बी) एक अनुमान इसकी सच्चाई के किसी भी धारणा के बिना तर्क के लिए एक आधार है। (सी) हाइपोथीसिस एक घटना के लिए एक प्रस्तावित स्पष्टीकरण है। (डी) वैज्ञानिक अवधारणा एक वैज्ञानिक सिद्धांत है।

Answer: (D)

35. The variable which impacts the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable is known as

(A) antecedent variable

(B) precedent variable

(C) predictor variable

(D) control variable     Sep 2013

वेरिएबल जो कि एक स्वतंत्र चर और एक आश्रित चर के बीच संबंध को प्रभावित करता है, के रूप में जाना जाता है (ए) पूर्ववर्ती चर (बी) मिसाल परिवर्तक (सी) भविष्यवक्ता चर (डी) नियंत्रण चर

Answer: (D)

36. Which one of the following is a non probability sampling method ?

(A) Simple Random Sampling

(B) Stratified Sampling

(C) Cluster Sampling

(D) Quota Sampling   Sep 2013

निम्न में से कौन सा एक गैर संभाव्य नमूना पद्धति है? (ए) साधारण यादृच्छिक नमूनाकरण (बी) स्तरीकृत नमूनाकरण (सी) क्लस्टर नमूनाकरण (डी) कोटा नमूनाकरण

Answer: (D)  Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.

Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon.

गैर-संभाव्यता नमूनाकरण एक नमूना तकनीक है जहां नमूने एक प्रक्रिया में इकट्ठा किए जाते हैं जो जनसंख्या में सभी व्यक्तियों को चयनित होने की समान संभावना नहीं देता। कोटा नमूनाकरण एक गैर-संभाव्यता नमूनाकरण तकनीक है जिसमें इकट्ठे नमूने व्यक्तियों के समान अनुपात हैं जिन्हें ज्ञात विशेषताओं, विशेषताओं या केंद्रित घटना के संबंध में पूरी आबादी के रूप में है।

37. The sequential operations in scientific research are

(A) Co-vaiation, Elimination of Spurious Relations, Generalisation, Theorisation

(B) Generalisation, Co-variation, Theorisation, Elimination of Spurious Relations

(C) Theorisation, Generalisation, Elimination of Spurious Relations, Co-variation

(D) Elimination of Spurious Relations, Theorisation, Generalisation, Co-variation.  Dec 2013

वैज्ञानिक शोध में क्रमिक कार्रवाइयां हैं (ए) सह-वाइएशन, नकली संबंधों का उन्मूलन, सामान्यीकरण, सिद्धांत (बी) सामान्यीकरण, सह-भिन्नता, सिद्धांत, नकली संबंधों का उन्मूलन (सी) थ्योरीजेशन, सामान्यीकरण, नकली संबंधों के उन्मूलन, सह-रूपांतर (डी) नकली संबंधों के उन्मूलन, सिद्धांत, सामान्यीकरण, सह-रूपांतर
Answer: (A)

38. In sampling, the lottery method is used for

(A) Interpretation

(B) Theorisation

(C) Conceptualisation

(D) Randomisation      Dec 2013

नमूनाकरण में, लॉटरी विधि का उपयोग इसके लिए किया जाता है (ए) व्याख्या (बी) थ्योरीजेशन (सी) संकल्पनात्मकता (डी) यादृच्छिकता

Answer: (D)

39. Which is the main objective of research?

(A) To review the literature

(B) To summarize what is already known

(C) To get an academic degree

(D) To discover new facts or to make fresh interpretation of known facts   Dec 2013

अनुसंधान का मुख्य उद्देश्य कौन सा है? (ए) साहित्य की समीक्षा करने के लिए (बी) क्या पहले से ही जाना जाता है संक्षेप करने के लिए (सी) एक अकादमिक डिग्री प्राप्त करने के लिए (डी) नए तथ्यों को खोजना या ज्ञात तथ्यों की ताजा व्याख्या करना

Answer: (D)

40. Sampling error decreases with the

(A) decrease in sample size

(B) increase in sample size

(C) process of randomization

(D) process of analysis   Dec 2013

नमूनाकरण त्रुटि के साथ घट जाती है (ए) नमूना आकार में कमी (बी) नमूना आकार में वृद्धि (सी) यादृच्छिकता की प्रक्रिया (डी) विश्लेषण की प्रक्रिया

Answer: (B)

Test By Nav Classes on Teaching & Research Aptitude 37 questions You have 20 minutes to answer

1 Which one of the following is the most important elements in teaching?

a) Relationship between teachers and students
b) Subject matter
c) Teaching techniques and aids used
d) Student's knowledge


निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा शिक्षण में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण तत्व है? क) शिक्षकों और छात्रों के बीच संबंध बी) विषय वस्तु ग) शिक्षण तकनीकों और एड्स का इस्तेमाल किया घ) छात्र का ज्ञान
Answer A Relationship between teachers and students 


Improving students' relationships with teachers has important, positive and long-lasting implications for students' academic and social development.

2 Arrange the following teaching process in order
(i)    relating the present knowledge with the previous knowledge
(ii)   evaluation
(iii)  reteaching
(iv)  formulating objectives
(v)   presentation of materials

निम्न शिक्षण प्रक्रिया को व्यवस्थित करें
(i) पिछले ज्ञान से वर्तमान ज्ञान से संबंधित
(ii) मूल्यांकन
(iii) रीएचिंग
(iv) उद्देश्य तैयार करना
(v) सामग्रियों की प्रस्तुति

A.	(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
B.	(ii),(i) (iii), (iv),( v)
C.	( v), (iv),(iii),(i) , (ii)
D.	(iv),(i) ,( v), (ii),(iii)

3 Which of the following is the most important single factor in underlying the success of beginning a teacher ?

A.	scholarship
B.	communicative ability
C.	personality and its ability to relate to the class and to the pupils
D.	organisational ability  निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा शिक्षक एक शिक्षक की शुरुआत में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण कारक है? ए। छात्रवृत्ति बी संचार क्षमता सी। व्यक्तित्व और कक्षा और विद्यार्थियों से संबंधित होने की इसकी क्षमता डी संगठनात्मक क्षमता

4 The field of education is permeated by conflicts and misconception because

A.	problems in education call for subjectivity of interpretation
B.	problems encountered in teaching are not amenable to rigorous scientific investigation
C.	there are not good teaching methods and procedures
D.	teachers are not worthy of doing rigorous scientific investigation शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में विवाद और गलत धारणा से व्याप्त है क्योंकि ए। व्याख्या में व्यक्तिपरकता के लिए शिक्षा कॉल में समस्याएं बी शिक्षण में आने वाली समस्याओं को कठोर वैज्ञानिक जांच के मुताबिक नहीं किया जा सकता है सी वहाँ अच्छे शिक्षण विधियों और प्रक्रियाएं नहीं हैं डी शिक्षक कठोर वैज्ञानिक जांच करने के योग्य नहीं हैं

5 The most appropriate meaning of learning is

A.	inculcation of knowledge
B.	modification of behaviour
C.	personal adjustment
D.	acquisition of skills

सीखने का सबसे उचित अर्थ है ए ज्ञान का उपदेश बी व्यवहार के संशोधन सी व्यक्तिगत समायोजन डी कौशल का अधिग्रहण

 6 While dealing with juvenile delinquents a teacher should

A.	play them with filthy sex jokes
B.	talk with them frankly and guide and channelize their potentialities in con-structive ways
C.	complain to the principal against them
D.	none of the above

6 किशोर delinquents के साथ व्यवहार करते समय एक शिक्षक चाहिए

ए उन्हें गंदे सेक्स मजाक के साथ खेलते हैं

बी उनके साथ स्पष्ट रूप से बात करें और उनकी क्षमताओं को सह-संरचनात्मक तरीकों में मार्गदर्शन करें

सी उनके खिलाफ प्राचार्य से शिकायत करते हैं

डी इनमे से कोई भी नहीं

 7 

The professional requirements of a teacher as explained in the UNESCO publication is/are

A.	mastery over the subject and competency for teaching
B.	Innovativeness in approach and teaching strategies
C.	justice to the profession
D.	All of the above

8 If a student becomes unconscious in the class what will you do first ?

A.	Rushing to the principal's office and convassing for help impatiently
B.	Telephoning student's parents and waiting for them
C.	Giving first aid to him and trying to contact any nearby doctor
D.	making arrangement to send him to his home  यदि कोई छात्र कक्षा में बेहोश हो जाता है तो आप पहले क्या करेंगे? ए। प्रिंसिपल के कार्यालय से मिलने और मदद के लिए कमान संभालने के लिए बी छात्र के माता-पिता को टेलीफ़ोन करना और उनके लिए इंतजार करना सी। उसे प्राथमिक उपचार देना और किसी भी पास के चिकित्सक से संपर्क करने का प्रयास करना डी उसे अपने घर में भेजने की व्यवस्था कर रही है

9 A teacher exploits students in your school. In this situation, what you will do?

Options:
A) Report the matter to the principal.
B) Not interfere in this matter.
C) Guide the teacher please stop this activity.
D) Go on Satyagraha against the teacher.

10  which of the following statements regarding motivation is correct?

A.	Freewill, intellect and reason are the motivating factors according to Plato
B.	Inborn, unlearned tendencies, called instincts are the motivating forces according to James Burt
C.	Curiosity and level of aspiration are the motivating factors according to Berlyne
D.	All of the above

11 A new comer teacher who is maltreated in his class will deal with the students by

A.	applying punitive measures
B.	improving his qualities and expressing it before them in a good way
C.	changing his class after consultation with the principal
D.	giving them a threat of expulsion

12 Suppose you are teaching in a minority college where castism and narrow mindedness victimize you, for better adjustment there you should

A.	uplift the humanistic values beyond these narrow wall and develop scientific temper in your students
B.	be submissive there and save your job at all costs
C.	rebel against such attitudes as it is against the norms of the Indian society
D.	none of the above मान लीजिए कि आप एक अल्पसंख्यक कॉलेज में अध्यापन कर रहे हैं जहां जातिवाद और संकीर्ण मनोदशा आपको पीड़ित करती है, बेहतर समायोजन के लिए आपको चाहिए ए। इन संकीर्ण दीवार से परे मानवीय मूल्यों को आगे बढ़ाएं और अपने छात्रों में वैज्ञानिक स्वभाव का विकास करें बी वहाँ विनम्र हो और अपनी नौकरी हर कीमत पर बचाएं सी। ऐसे व्यवहार के खिलाफ विद्रोह क्योंकि यह भारतीय समाज के मानदंडों के खिलाफ है डी इनमे से कोई भी नहीं

13 A successful teacher is one who is

A.	Compassionate and disciplinarian
B.	Quite and reactive
C.	Tolerant and dominating
D.	Passive and active

14 The most important quality of a good teacher is

A.	Sound knowledge of subject matter
B.	Good communication skills
C.	Concern for student's welfare
D.	Effective leadership qualities

15 When some students are deliberately attempting to disturb the discipline of the class by making mischief, what will be your role as a teacher?

A.	Expelling those students
B.	Isolate those students
C.	Reform the group with your authority
D.	Giving them an opportunity for introspection and improve their behaviour

16 A teacher is said to be fluent in asking questions, if he can ask

A.	Meaningful questions
B.	As many questions as possible
C.	Maximum number of questions in a fixed time
D.	Many meaningful questions in a fixed time

17 Below are given two seat – research methods (Set-I) and data collection tools (Set-II). Match the two sets and indicate your answer by selecting the correct code:

Set-I		Set-II
A	Experimental method	i	Using primary and  secondary sources
B	Ex post-facto method	ii	Questionnaire
C	Descriptive survey method	iii	Standardized tests
D	Historical method	iv	Typical characteristics tests

Answer codes

Codes	A	B	C	D
1	ii	i	iii	iv
2	iii	iv	ii	i
3	ii	iii	i	iv
4	ii	iv	iii	i

 In descriptive survey method- we’ve to use questionnaires (Because it’s ‘survey). So c-ii. Automatically the answer is -2. but let’s consider other sets as well:

• Historical method- we have to use primary and secondary sources.
• In experimental method- we can collect data in a way that permit standardized tests.
• Unable to find any specific thing on ex post-facto method’s research tools. But all in all, 2 seems to be the appropriate choice.

18 Attributes of objects, events or things which can be measured are called

A.	qualitative measure
B.	data
C.	variables
D.	none of the above

19 A statistical measure based upon the entire population is called parameter while measure based upon a sample is known as

A.	sample parameter
B.	inference
C.	statistic
D.	none of these

When we study about an event by taking a sample from the population it is called statistic and a  group of statistical measures is called statistics.

20 Which of the following is a non-probability sample ?

A.	Quota sample
B.	Simple random sample
C.	Purposive sample
D.	(a) and (c) both

21 Independent variables are not manipulated in

A.	normative researches
B.	ex-post facto researches
C.	both of the above
D.	none of the above

 In normative researches only data are collected from the survey and after 'analysing them results are declared. Thus there is no need of manipulating independent variables. In ex-post facto-research effects are already known and researcher studies the causes lying behind these r effects. Here too independent variable are not manipulated.
22 Survey study aims at:

(i)  knowing facts about the two existing situation
(ii)  comparing the present status with the standard norms
(iii)  criticising the existing situation
(iv)  identifying the means of improving the existing situation

सर्वे अध्ययन का लक्ष्य है: (i) दो मौजूदा स्थिति के बारे में तथ्यों को जानना (ii) मानक मानदंडों के साथ वर्तमान स्थिति की तुलना करना (iii) मौजूदा स्थिति की आलोचना (iv) मौजूदा स्थिति में सुधार के साधनों की पहचान करना

A.	(i) and (ii) only
B.	(i), (ii), and (iii)
C.	(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
D.	(ii) and (iii) only

23 The validity and reliability of a research will be at stake when

A.	The author who is the source of information is biased, incompetent or dishonest
B.	The incident was reported after a long period of time from that of its occurrence
C.	The researcher himself is not competent enough to draw logical conclusions
D.	All of the above

24 The review of the related study is important while undertaking a research because

A.	it avoids repitition or duplication
B.	it helps in understanding the gaps
C.	it helps the researcher not to draw illogical conclusions
D.	all of above

25 Bibliography given in a research report

A.	helps those interested in further research and studying the problem from another angle
B.	makes the report authentic
C.	Both (a) & (b)
D.	none of the above

26 Collective psychology of the whole period is a theory which

A.	can explain all phase of historical development
B.	means the psychology of the whole society
C.	means psychological approach of data collection
D.	all of the above

27 The experimental study is based on the law of

A.	single variable
B.	replication
C.	occupation
D.	interest of the subject

28 Area (cluster) sampling technique is used when 

A.	population is scattered and large size of the sample is to be drawn
B.	population is heterogeneous
C.	long survey is needed
D.	(a) and (c)

29 Of the following learning theories, the one that embodies the idea that the learning takes place through insight is known as

निम्न अध्यापन सिद्धांतों में से एक, जो इस विचार का प्रतीक है कि अंतर्दृष्टि के माध्यम से सीखता है, उसे ज्ञात है

A) Gestalt
B) Stimulus-Response
C) Connectionist
D) Pragmatic

When long survey is being done and population is being scattered over a large area then researcher selects various groups from the whole area. The selection of these groups is based on the discretion of the researcher.

29  Definition and Meaning

Gestalt psychology introduced by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler in 1922. It is revolt against Stimulus Response approach to learning. It pointed out two weakness in the theory of conditioning.

1. Conditioning reduces complex human behavior to an accumulation of simple conditioned response.
2. Stimulus response theorists attribute learning to reduction of basic organic drives.

The Gestalt School made a strong attack on Thorndike’s theory of trial and error and asserted learning was not stamping-in of correct responses through trials and errors.

The behaviorist approach to learning was also not acceptable to Gestaltists as they wanted to study behavior as a whole and learning in its totality.

 It is primarily concerned with the nature of perception. According to it an individual perceives wholes and not parts. Learning is viewed as a purposive, exploratory, imaginative and creative enterprise in which the total situation is taken into account by the learners. Kohler and Koffka conducted many experiments on chimpanzees and brought out a book “Mentality of Apes” in 1925 (which is the result of these experiments conducted during 1913-17. These experiments show that learning was not the result of trial and error but of insight and the ability to see relationship between various factors involved in a situation.

The fullest and most systematic treatment of learning from the Gestalt view point is found in Koffka’s “Principles of Gestalt Psychology” 1935. He suggested that the laws of perception were equally applicable to learning. A learning situation is a problem situation and the learner has to see the problem as a whole and find its solution by insight. The law of organization of perception as applicable to learning is the law of Pragnaz and four laws of organization subordinate to it the laws of similarity, proximity, closure and good continuation.

What is Insight Learning?

1. It occurs with any reparations of trial
2. It aware the association of causes and effects
3. It occurs when information gathered

Important Principles of Gestalt Theory

1. Students should be encouraged to find out the relation of factors lead to a problem.
2. There are three stimuli in the learning process disturbances, gaps and incongruities
3. Teaching strategies should rely on law of organization

Problems of Learning

The Gestalt field theory has a number of problems of learning. Which are:

1. Capacity. Learning depends upon natural capacity of the learner.
2. Practice. Repetitions bring to light new relationships and consolidate trace system
3. Motivation. Law of effect is recognized in motivation
4. Understanding. The relationship between parts and wholes and means and ends are emphasized
5. Transfer. Generalized principles, common patterns or relationships are transferred.
6. Forgetting. Forgetting takes place because of changes in the traces. Traces may completely disappear or they may not be available at the particular time.

30 Chi-square test is an example of

(A) Parametric test

(B) Non-Parametric test

(C) Descriptive test

(D) Survey test

31. Phenomenological Research is a

(A) Qualitative Research

(B) Quantitative Research

(C) Trend Research

(D) Descriptive Research

The focus of phenomenologic inquiry is what people experience in regard to some phenomenon or other and how they interpret those experiences. Aphenomenological research study is a study that attempts to understand people's perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation (or phenomenon).

32 Research ethics do not include
A Honesty
B Subjectivity
C Objectivity
D Integrity

33. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?

वास्तविकता के व्यावहारिक दृष्टिकोण पर कौन सा शोध प्रतिमान आधारित है

a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above
 A pragmatic theory of truth is a theory of truth within the philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism. Pragmatic theories of truth were first posited by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. The common features of these theories are a reliance on the pragmatic maxim as a means of clarifying the meanings of difficult concepts such as truth; and an emphasis on the fact that belief, certainty, knowledge, or truth is the result of an inquiry.

34 The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:

a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Perfect
d. They are not correlated
35 A researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools. She develops a model that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She believes that parent involvement has an impact on children by increasing their motivation to do school work. Thus, in her model, greater parent involvement leads to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student achievement. Student motivation is what kind of variable in this study?

a. Manipulated variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Confounding variable
d. Mediating or intervening variable

एक शोधकर्ता खराब वित्त पोषित प्राथमिक विद्यालयों में बच्चों द्वारा उपलब्धि का अध्ययन करता है। वह एक मॉडल विकसित करती है जो माता-पिता की भागीदारी को एक महत्वपूर्ण चर के रूप में पेश करती है। उनका मानना ​​है कि माता-पिता की भागीदारी का स्कूल के काम करने के लिए उनकी प्रेरणा बढ़ाकर बच्चों पर असर पड़ता है। इस प्रकार, उनके मॉडल में, अधिक से अधिक माता-पिता की भागीदारी में उच्च छात्र प्रेरणा होती है, जो बदले में उच्च छात्र उपलब्धि पैदा करती है। छात्र प्रेरणा इस अध्ययन में किस तरह का चर है?

ए। चालाकी से चर
ख। अस्थायी चर
सी। परस्पर चर
घ। मध्यस्थ या चर में अंतर

36 Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories? 
  a. Deductive method  
 b. Inductive method   
c. Hypothesis method   
d. Pattern method

37 Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as

A.	statistical , inference of external validity of the research
B.	data analysis and interpretation
C.	parameter inference
D.	all of the above

1 a 2 D, 3 C, 4 B, 5 B, 6 B, 7 D, 8 C, 9 C, 10 D, 11 B, 12 A, 13 A, 14 B, 15 D, 16 D, 17 2, 18 C, 19 C, 20 D, 21 C, 22 B, 23 D, 24 D, 25 D, 26 A, 27 A, 28 D, 29 A, 30 B, 31 A, 32 B, 33 C, 34 A, 35 D, 36 A, 37 A